Muscular System Test Review

Flashcard study set covering the muscular system, including muscle functions, tissue types, anatomical motions, specialties, and pathological conditions.

What are the four main functions of the muscular system?

Produces movement, maintains posture, stabilizes joints, and produces heat.

What is the function of tendons?

Strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

What is skeletal muscle?

Voluntary muscle attached to bones; produces body movement.

What is smooth muscle?

Involuntary muscle found in internal organs and blood vessels.

What is myocardial muscle?

Involuntary muscle that makes up the heart.

What does the term "neuromuscular" mean?

Relating to nerves and muscles working together.

What is muscle innervation?

The nerve supply that allows a muscle to receive signals and contract.

In terms of muscle fiber orientation, what does "oblique" mean?

Slanting or running at an angle.

What is a sphincter?

Ring shaped muscle that opens or closes a body passage.

In terms of muscle direction, what does "transverse" mean?

Extending across the body or body part horizontally.

What is abduction?

Movement away from the body's midline.

What is adduction?

Movement toward the body's midline.

What is flexion?

Bending a joint, decreasing the angle.

What is hyperextension?

Extending a joint beyond its normal position.

What is elevation in muscular movement?

Raising a body part upward.

What is circumduction?

Circular movement of a limb.

What is pronation?

Rotating the forearm so the palm faces downward/backward.

What is dorsiflexion?

Bending the foot upward toward the shin.

What is plantar flexion?

Pointing the foot downward, like pressing a gas pedal.

What is the triceps brachii?

Muscle on the back of the upper arm that extends/straightens the elbow.

What is an exercise physiologist?

Specialist who studies how exercise affects the body.

What is a neurologist?

Physician who diagnoses and treats disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

What is tenosynovitis?

Inflammation of a tendon and its surrounding sheath.

What is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?

Disorder involving severe, persistent fatigue that is not relieved by rest.

What is an adhesion?

Abnormal band of scar tissue that causes tissues or organs to stick together.

What is atrophy?

Decrease in muscle size from wasting or lack of use.

What is myolysis?

Breakdown or destruction of muscle tissue.

What is sarcopenia?

Age related loss of muscle mass and strength.

What does the term "atonic" mean?

Lacking normal muscle tone.

What is ataxia?

Lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement.

What is a contracture?

Permanent tightening or shortening of a muscle or tendon that limits movement.

What is intermittent claudication?

Muscle pain, usually in the legs, occurs during exercise because of inadequate blood flow.

What is a spasm?

Sudden, involuntary muscle contraction.

What is bradykinesia?

Abnormally slow movement.

What is dyskinesia?

Abnormal or uncontrolled movement.

What is hyperkinesia?

Excessive movement.

What is myoclonus?

Sudden, brief, involuntary muscle jerking.

What is singultus?

Medical term for hiccups.

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

Autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness and fatigue.

What is Compartment Syndrome?

Dangerous increase in pressure inside a muscle compartment that reduces blood flow and can damage nerves and muscles.

What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Compression of the median nerve at the wrist, causing numbness, tingling, or weakness in the hand.

What is Impingement Syndrome?

Compression or pinching of tendons or other structures, commonly in the shoulder.

What is lateral epicondylitis?

Tennis elbow; inflammation/irritation of tendons near the outside of the elbow.

What is a strain?

Injury caused by overstretching or tearing a muscle or tendon.

What is a shin splint?

Pain and inflammation along the shinbone (tibia), commonly related to repetitive exercise.

What is paralysis?

Loss of the ability to voluntarily move one or more muscles.

What is cardioplegia?

Intentional stopping of the heart, usually during cardiac surgery.

What is myofascial release?

Treatment using pressure/stretching to reduce tightness in muscles and fascia.

What is Muscular Dystrophy?

Group of inherited diseases that cause progressive muscle weakness and degeneration.