Dr. James PT Boards Packet

What is the MC passive modality

infared

Contraindications to all modalities

hemorrhage

infection with suppuration/pus

malignancy (except TENS)

Why is having diabetes a contraindicatino to all heating modalities

sugar will burn (higher likelihood of burning the pt)

Acute

up to 72hrs (first 3 days)

Treatment of acute conditions

PRICES

• protect, rest, ice, compression, elevate, support

Subacute

swelling is limited but debris and discoloration prevents healing

pumping is beneficial (hot/cold alt)

Chronic

2 weeks longer than anticipated

What type of modality can be used in anesthesia

high volt

What modality can be used on pregnancy low-back patients

TENS

Main approach how long to do a modality

oh bout 20min

What three types of modalities are less than 20min

US, UV, SITZ bath

EMS - ultra low frequency

cellular healing

EMS - low frequency

contraction (target = muscle)

EMS - med frequency

depth (target = deep muscle)

EMS - high frequency

heating (chronic!!)

What are the two best contractors

EMS + Interference

What two high heating modalities use superficial heat

IR + UV (skin + bones)

Ultrasound can be used with no heat when you make it

pulsed (acute!!)

AC/Biphasic current

no charge/polarity left in patient

DC/Monophasic current

charge/polarity left in patient

What is the wave form is the most efficient and best contractor

sine

High volt uses what wave form

twin pulsed peak

Electrochemical (ionto + opioids)

iontophoresis (low volt) - DC current

opioid frequency - endorphins

enkephalins

Electrophysical (kinetic)

ions push other molecules around shifting Na/K pump → contraction

Increased frequency (mA) causes ______ depth when talking about electricity

increased

Increased frequency causes _____ depth when talking about ultrasound

decreased

What are the jobs of the two pads in a monopolar electrophoresis treatment

large = dispersal

small = treatment/active

If the dispersal pad is too small or active sites are too large, what happens

the pt may feel a tingle

A biopolar electrophoresis treatment has what size pads

two equal sized

Exercise/rehabing a muscle can have two different duty cycles, what are they

1:3 = normal muscle

1:5 = weak/paralysis muscle

What is the duty cycle for a muscle that you want to reduce spasms in or fatigue it

1:1 (no rest)

Reciprocating EMS means what

contract agonist then contract antagonist

For low frequency (1-150) options, what should you place the frequency at if you want to recruit endorphins

1-20 (low and slow)

For low frequency (1-150) options, what should you place the frequency at if you want to recruit enkephalins

70-150 (high and fast)

What part of the electricity burns the pt

AMPs (current - electricity that flows)

EMG vs NCV

EMG = used to test MUSCLE

NCV = used to test NERVE

Arndt-Schultz principle

energy of modality has to be absorbed by body to stimulate physiological response

Law of Grotthus-Draper

inverse relationship btw penetration and absorption of energy

• ultrasound uses this!!

Hunting-Lewis reaction

pumping reaction

• can be caused by leaving an ice pack on for too long (bad)

CBAN

cold, burn, ache = vasodilation

numb = vasoconstriction

Tepid temperature (frost-bite)

80-92

Warm or Hot temperature

warm = 96-99

hot = 99-104 (burn)

Ultrasound uses what effect

reverse piezoelectric effect (electricity → sound)

What two types of modalities use convection

baths (hot + cold) + IR

What two types of modalities use radiation

lamps, MWD, IR, UV

What two types of modalities use conversion

ultrasound

What two types of modalities use conduction

ice, hydrocollator, paraffin, IR

Cold causes what effects to connective tissue

increased viscosity

decreased ability to stretch

What are the 5 modalii