Middle Age

what is the age of young adults

20-40

what is the age of middle-age adults

40-65

what is the age of older adults

65+

what psychosocial perspective is important in young age

intimacy vs isolation (fulfilling relationships)

what psychosocial perspective is important in middle age

looking at what contributions you have made to the world

what psychosocial perspective is important in older age

integrity vs despair (did you live meaningful life)

what trend do we see with generations

over time, generations have become more adaptable

when does organ function peak

30-40s

at what age is peak bone mass reached

35

what two ages do we see significant changes (at the biological level)

age 44 and 60

between what ages do we see changes in aorta and blood vessels

age 45-55

what two sensory declines do we begin to see in middle age

decline of near vision (presbyopia) and high-pitch hearing

what is menarche

first period (around age 12-13)

what is perimenopause

transition before menopause

what is menopause

permanent end of ovarian function in women

what is climacterium

loss of the ability to reproduce

what age does climacterium occur in women vs men

women - age 50

men - age 70-80

what are four importsnt female hormones

FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone

what is the function of FSH in females

stimulates ovarian follicles to grow and secrete estrogen

what is the function of LH in females

trigger ovulation --> stimulates ovaries to secrete estrogen and progesterone

what is the function of estrogen

produce female secondary sex characteristics

what two times does estrogen peak

estrogen peaks before ovulation and at the end of cycle

what is the function of progesterone

allows for zygote implantation

(released by the corpus luteum)

when does progesterone peak

progesterone peaks in luteal phase

true or false: the ovaries secrete a small amount of testosterone

true

what two hormones rise during menopause

FSH and LH rise, because ovaries stop responding

what two hormones fall during menopause

estrogen and progesterone

what happens to the sex organs in menopause

atrophy --> uterus and cervix decrease in size

what are six symptoms of menopause

- hot flash and night sweat

- mood changes

- irritability

- muscle pain

- headaches

- sleep deprivation

what is the impact of lower estrogen on skin, subcutaneous tissue, and mucous membranes

skin - reduced collagen content

subcutaneous tissue - increase in body fat, decrease in lean body mass

mucous membranes - thinning and dry

what is the biggest risk for estrogen therapy

endometrial cancer

what is the function of FSH in males

stimulates development of seminiferous tubules and sperm production

what is the function of LH in males

stimulates testes to secrete testosterone

what is the function of testosterone

produce male secondary sex characteristics

true or false: the testes produce small amount of estradiol

true

what are the three steps of the male hormone cycle

1. as adolescent matures, rising LH drives testosterone up

2. testosterone rises high enough to suppress LH-releasing factor

3. feedback loop continues throughout life

what four things happen in male menopause

- testosterone levels decline

- testes become smaller

- sperm production decreases

- erection takes longer to achieve

what are three effects of decreased testosterone

decreased muscle mass, decreased organ size, increased body fat

what is one symptom of decreased testosterone/increased estrogen (in men)

breast enlargement (gynecomastia)

what are five benefits of testosterone replacement

- improved libido

- increased muscle strength

- increased bone formation

- decreased body fat

- decreased fatigue

do all men go through menopause

no

what is the daily protein requirement for healthy adults

0.8 g/kg

what is the daily protein requirement for older adults

1.2-1.6 g/kg

how much daily calcium do older women need

1200 mg

how much daily iron do middle aged women need

18 mg

what is the main beverage older adults should drink

water

total cholesterol should be less than what

< 200

LDL cholesterol should be less than what

< 100

HDL cholesterol should be greater than what

> 60

what lowers vs raises HDL

lowers HDL - smoking

raises HDL - exercise

how is BMI measured

weight (kg) / height (m^2)

true or false: low BMI means longer life

false --> lowest death rates seen in men and women with the highest fitness levels regardless of BMI

a high BMI puts older adults at risk for what

CV disease

a low BMI puts older adults at risk for what

hip fractures

why would we want older adults to have a slightly higher BMI

to protect bones due to greater fall risk in older age

at what age does obesity peak

obesity peaks in middle age

does obesity trend with education

yes

what two lab values diagnose diabetes

fasting glucose = >126 mg/dL

A1C = >6.5%

what are two symptoms of diabetes

polyuria and polydipsia

what are six complications of diabetes

- delayed wound healing

- memory difficulty

- retinopathy

- neuropathy

- kidney disease

- heart disease

how much sleep do adults need per night

7-9 hours

what stage of sleep decreases with age

deep sleep (N3)

how much does lean body mass decrease after age 55

decreases by 1% per year

at what age does life satisfaction hit its low

age 50

when is depression most common

during perimenopause

what are three ways of prevention for the changes seen in middle age

- increase calcium and vitamin D consumption

- weight-bearing exercise

- healthy diet