General Science 11 Summative Test Reviewer

Flashcards covering core vocabulary from the General Science 11 Summative Test Reviewer, including cell biology, plant anatomy, solutions, chemistry of household substances, chemical safety symbols, and regulatory agencies.

Cell

The basic unit of life.

Nucleus

Cell structure that holds the cell's genetic instructions.

Mitochondria

Cellular structures that make usable energy for cells.

Roots

Plant structures that absorb water and nutrients from the soil and help anchor the plant.

Stem

Plant structure that moves water and food through the plant.

Leaves

Plant structures that make food for the sunflower.

Flowers

Plant structures that help the plant reproduce and produce seeds.

Tissue

A group of similar cells working together.

Organ

A structure made of tissues working together.

Organism

An individual living thing.

Levels of Biological Organization

The structural hierarchy ordered from smaller to larger: Cell $\rightarrow$ Tissue $\rightarrow$ Organ $\rightarrow$ Organism.

Ecosystem

A system that includes a community of living organisms (plants and animals) and their physical surroundings (air, water, and soil).

Solution

A uniform (homogeneous) mixture of substances.

Solute

The substance being dissolved in a solution (e.g., salt in saltwater).

Solvent

The substance that dissolves the solute in a solution (e.g., water in saltwater).

Unsaturated Solution

A solution that can still dissolve more solute.

Saturated Solution

A solution that has reached its dissolving limit at a given temperature; extra solute may remain undissolved.

Supersaturated Solution

A solution containing more dissolved solute than is normally stable; when disturbed, excess solute can form crystals.

Molarity ($M$)

A concentration measure defined as moles of solute per liter of solution ($M = \text{moles of solute} \div \text{liters of solution}$).

Molality

A concentration measure defined as moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Mole Fraction

The ratio of the moles of one component to the total moles of all components in a mixture.

Percent by Mass

A measure that expresses concentration as a percentage based on mass.

Chemistry

The branch of science that studies matter, its composition, properties, changes, and interactions with energy.

Physical Property

A characteristic that can be observed without changing the chemical composition of a substance (e.g., color, density, melting point).

Chemical Property

A property that describes how a substance reacts or changes during a chemical reaction (e.g., flammability, reactivity, acidity).

Sodium Hypochlorite

The common active ingredient in household bleach; used to kill germs and remove stains.

Sodium Fluoride

A chemical added to toothpaste to strengthen tooth enamel and help prevent cavities.

Sodium Bicarbonate

Baking soda; commonly used to neutralize odors.

Acetic Acid

The active substance found in vinegar.

Ammonia

A chemical compound used in some household cleaning products.

Hydrogen Peroxide

A chemical substance used in some cleaning and disinfecting products.

Active Ingredient

The component of a household or personal care product that performs the main job, such as cleaning or disinfecting.

Preservative

A product ingredient that helps prevent product spoilage.

Additive

An ingredient that improves certain product characteristics.

Flammable Hazard Symbol (Flame)

Indicates that a substance can catch fire easily, especially near heat or flames.

Corrosive Hazard Symbol (Liquid Damaging Hand/Metal)

Indicates that a substance can burn or damage skin and eyes.

Toxic Hazard Symbol (Skull and Crossbones)

Indicates that a substance can cause poisoning or serious harm.

Irritant Hazard Symbol (Exclamation Mark)

Indicates that a substance can cause skin, eye, or respiratory irritation.

Environmental Hazard Symbol (Dead Tree and Fish)

Indicates that a substance can harm aquatic life and the environment.

FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

Philippine government agency that regulates cosmetics and personal care products and ensures safe formulation and labeling.

DTI (Department of Trade and Industry)

Philippine government agency that enforces consumer product safety and proper labeling.

DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources)

Philippine government agency that oversees waste disposal and environmental hazards, protecting air, water, and soil.