Lesson 6 (Part 1) - Culture, Cognition, and Intellect: Thinking Through Cultures

Intelligence

It is defined as the capacity to learn from experience, think rationally, solve problems, and adapt effectively to new situations and the environment?

Sensation

It refers to the stimulation of sensory receptors

Perception

It refers to how we make sense of sensory information

Empiricism

It is the idea that all knowledge comes from our experiences

Rationalist

They acquire knowledge through thinking and logical analysis

Empiricist

They acquire knowledge via empirical evidence

Plato

Based on the discussion, he is the philosopher classified as Rationalist

Aristotle

Based on the discussion, he is the philosopher classified as Empiricist

Direct Realism

It suggests that our senses tell us all we need to know when perceiving real-world phenomena.

Perceptual Relativism

It dictates that we interpret objects and events, and are occasionally misled by them, courtesy of these experiences.

Nature

Genes and hereditary factors, physical appearance, and personality characteristics fall under the concept of ________.

Nurture

Environmental Variables, childhood experiences, how we were raised, social relationships, and surrounding culture fall under the concept of ________

Optical Illusions

These are pictures or objects that create false visual impressions.

Top-Down Processing

Which cognitive process uses prior knowledge, expectations, beliefs, and context to interpret and make sense of incoming sensory information?

Bottom-Up Processing

Which cognitive process builds perception starting directly from raw sensory data and individual stimulus features, moving upward to higher-level interpretation?

Environmental adaptation

According to Brunswik (1956), the development of diverse perceptual habits in response to diverse physical surroundings is a matter of ______?

Sensory information

Brunswik (1956) suggested that people living in visually distinct environments (forests, cities, open plains) necessarily perceive the world (and therefore visual illusions) in different ways because the ecology and architecture (or lack of it) in their surroundings prime them differently for dealing with incoming __________.

Carpentered world hypothesis

What hypothesis states that people who grow up in environments with rectangular walls, floors, and ceilings perceive the world differently from those whose environments have alternative ecologies?

Sander parallelogram illusion

Carpentered-world dwellers are likely to be more susceptible to which specific visual illusion involving 2D drawings of parallelograms?

Front-horizontal foreshortening hypothesis

Which hypothesis predicts that the physical environment we habitually experience affects how we perceive indicators of distance, such as vertical lines representing horizontal lines projected into the distance?

Horizontal-vertical illusion

According to front-horizontal foreshortening, these ecologically based differences in perception are likely to yield different responses to which visual illusion?

Open-space dwellers

According to the front-horizontal foreshortening hypothesis, which group of people will be most susceptible to the horizontal-vertical illusion?

Cultural Background

Cross-cultural differences in mean illusion-susceptibility showed upon all three illusions, so the likelihood of being misled seemed to be related to _________

Westernized

On the Sander Parallelogram and the Muller-Lyer Illusion, ________ participants were most susceptible.

Banyankole

On the Horizontal-Vertical illusion, the ________ were more susceptible than westerners

Bete

On the Horizontal-Vertical illusion, the ________ showed fewest illusion supported responses.

Carpentered world hypothesis

Westerners’ extra susceptibility to the Sandler parallelogram supports the predictions of which hypothesis?

Front-horizontal foreshortening hypothesis

On the horizontal-vertical illusion, the extra susceptibility of the open country dwelling Banyankole supports the predictions of the __________.

Front-horizontal foreshortening hypothesis

On the horizontal-vertical illusion, the lesser susceptibility of the forest dwelling Bete supports the predictions of the __________.

Ecologically Valid Inference Habits

Segall et al. (1990) concluded that findings on optical illusions accord well with a theory attributing perceptual tendencies to ______?

Age before ecology

Which limitation of Segall’s theory cites Stewart (1973) and Weaver (1974) to show that susceptibility to the Sander parallelogram and Müller-Lyer illusions declines with age?

Analytic sophistication

Which limitation of Segall’s theory suggests that as children grow older, the perceptual habit-forming effects of the environment are overridden by the acquisition of more sophisticated perceptual abilities?

Retinal pigmentation

Which physiological limitation affects the transmission of blue light (but not red), influencing visual perception independently of environmental habits?

Cultural Relativism

__________ in the portrayal of the three-dimensional world in two-dimensional pictures presumably reflects regional artistic conventions.

Schooling

Besides regional artistic conventions, what other factor has been linked to cultural differences in picture perception in general (and the use of depth cues in particular)?

Depth Cues

What devices are used by artists and illustrators to give their 2D drawings the impression of representing 3D objects and landscapes?

Familiar Size

Which depth cue is defined by objects that are far away being drawn smaller and those that are nearer being drawn larger?

Overlap

Which depth cue occurs when objects that are farther away are drawn as though they are obscured by those that are closer?

Convergence

Which depth cue involves two lines getting closer together to convey distance?

Density Gradient

Which depth cue occurs when drawing large numbers of homogeneous objects (such as bricks in a wall or books on a shelf) where those farther away are drawn smaller and closer ones are drawn larger?

3D Perceivers

Hudson's (1960) 3D perception study, participants who interpreted the picture as a man spearing the buck (rather than the elephant) were classified as ______?

Formal education

In Hudson's (1960) test for 3D perception, participants with a higher level of what factor were more frequently classed as 3D perceivers?

Deregowski's Trident Test

What test conducted on Zambian primary schoolchildren evaluated picture perception using a three-pronged figure illusion?

3D Perceivers

In Deregowski's trident test, which group of participants spent longer copying the illusion figure than the non-illusion figure because their perceptual ability made the task more difficult?

2D Perceivers

In Deregowski's trident test, participants classed as ______ spent the same amount of time copying both the trident illusion and the non-illusion picture.

Split-Style Drawing Test

What test conducted by Hudson (1960) deals with aesthetic (artistic) preference rather than 3D perceptual ability?

Split-Style

Drawing an object in a ______ typically shows more aspects of the object rather than a photographic representation.

Overlap

In Hudson's split-style drawing test, split-style preferences may appear unnatural to anyone accustomed to drawings that employ depth cues such as ______?

Culturally Relative

Hudson's study on drawing preferences suggests that aesthetic preferences may be ______?

Familiar Materials

Which limitation of Deregowski's work points out that certain features of the design, such as the way pictures were presented, are questionable?

Depth Cues

Which limitation of Deregowski's work questions the implicit view that utilizing pictorial depth indicators always illustrates a superior or preferred ability to perceive pictures?