OT1606: Foot

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Last updated 1:36 PM on 10/16/26
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14 Terms

1
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What bones make up the foot?

Talus - proximal bone of the foot, large bones

Calcaneus - heel bone, large bones - makes up the hind-foot

Navicular - distal to the talus

Cuboid - square shaped bone on the lateral side of the foot

Cuneiforms - three cuneiform bones in the foot (medial, intermediate and lateral)

Metatarsals - each foot contains 5 metatarsals - from great toe to lateral - they articulate with the mid-foot using the tarsal-metatarsal or Lisfranc joint

Phalanges - the great toe (hallux) has two phalanges whilst the lesser toes have three - proximal, distal and middle phalanx


<p>Talus - proximal bone of the foot, large bones</p><p>Calcaneus - heel bone, large bones - makes up the hind-foot</p><p>Navicular - distal to the talus </p><p>Cuboid - square shaped bone on the lateral side of the foot </p><p>Cuneiforms - three cuneiform bones in the foot (medial, intermediate and lateral)</p><p>Metatarsals - each foot contains 5 metatarsals - from great toe to lateral - they articulate with the mid-foot using the tarsal-metatarsal or Lisfranc joint</p><p>Phalanges - the great toe (hallux) has two phalanges whilst the lesser toes have three - proximal, distal and middle phalanx</p><p></p>
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What are the joints within the foot?

Most mobile:

Subtalar joint

Talonavicular joint (TN joint)

Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints


Moderate amount:

Interphalangeal (IP) joints (proximal + distal)

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What is the subtalar joint?

A synovial joint in the foot that connects the talus and the calcaneus

  • Located towards the 5th metatarsal/ small toe

  • Role: greater flexibility in inversion/eversion

  • Moves with talonavicular joint and calcaneocuboid joint, two joints located near front of talus


<p>A synovial joint in the foot that connects the talus and the calcaneus</p><ul><li><p>Located towards the 5th metatarsal/ small toe</p></li><li><p>Role: greater flexibility in inversion/eversion</p></li><li><p>Moves with talonavicular joint and calcaneocuboid joint, two joints located near front of talus</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What is the talonavicular joint?

A synovial saddle joint that connects the head of the talus to the posterior aspect of the navicular bone

  • It’s an important component of the transverse tarsal joint


<p>A synovial saddle joint that connects the head of the talus to the posterior aspect of the navicular bone</p><ul><li><p>It’s an important component of the transverse tarsal joint</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What is the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP)?

The connection point in the foot where a long metatarsal bone meets the proximal phalanx (the first bone of the toe)

  • 5 joints per foot and the first MTP joint bears a large portion of your body weight - important for balance, walking, running and forward propulsion


<p>The connection point in the foot where a long metatarsal bone meets the proximal phalanx (the first bone of the toe)</p><ul><li><p>5 joints per foot and the first MTP joint bears a large portion of your body weight - important for balance, walking, running and forward propulsion </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Interphalangeal joints

  • Proximal

  • Middle

  • Distal


A synovial hinge joint located between phalanges of fingers and toes, allowing them to bend and stretch

<ul><li><p>Proximal</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>Middle</p></li><li><p>Distal</p></li></ul><p></p><p>A synovial hinge joint located between phalanges of fingers and toes, allowing them to bend and stretch </p>
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Movements within the foot

Flexion

Extension

Adduction and Abduction

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Adductor muscles within the foot

Adductor Hallucis - small two-headed muscle located on the sole of your foot (first layer - superficial)



<p>Adductor Hallucis - small two-headed muscle located on the sole of your foot (first layer - superficial)</p><p></p><p></p>
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Flexor muscles within the foot

Flexor Digitorum Brevis (first layer - superficial) - flexes toes 2-5 at PIP

Flexor Digitorum Longus - flexes toes 2-5 at DIP

Flexor Hallucis Brevis (third layer) - flexes big toe at MTP joint

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (third layer) - flexes little toe at MTP joint

<p>Flexor Digitorum Brevis (first layer - superficial) - flexes toes 2-5 at PIP</p><p>Flexor Digitorum Longus - flexes toes 2-5 at DIP</p><p class="has-focus">Flexor Hallucis Brevis (third layer) - flexes big toe at MTP joint</p><p>Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (third layer) - flexes little toe at MTP joint</p>
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Abductor muscle within the foot

Abductor Hallucis - (first layer) - abducts the big toe away from the second toe

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Common sources of pain + reduced mobility

Heel pain - inflammation of plantar fascia (thick connective tissue on the bottom of the foot)

Metatarsaglia - pain in the ball of the foot

Bunions (hallux valgus) where the base of the big toe moves out of alignment



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One nerve

Medial plantar nerve - motor and sensory function

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One blood supply

Medial plantar artery

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Occupations involving your foot

Dancing

Maintaining balance

Gardening