ANP 130: EXAM 2

Histology

study of tissues

What are the FOUR types of tissues?

• epithelial tissue

• connective tissue

• muscle tissue

• nervous tissue

What do all four tissue types differ by?

• cell type

• function

• cell matrix ratio

What are the FUNCTIONS of Epithelial Tissues?

• acts as a protective covering

• line all of the body’s surfaces (external, cavities, tracts, vessels, ducts) and are the boundary between the body and environment

What are some FEATURES of Epithelial Tissues?

• 1st tissue you encounter

• cells are tightly packed (very LITTLE matrix)

• avascular (NO blood vessels)

How many EPI tissue types are there?

6

Name the 6 EPI tissue types

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

• simple columnar

• psuedostratified columnar

• keratinized stratified squamous

• non-keratinized stratified squamous

What is the function of SIMPLE SQUA. EPI?

allow for RAPID DIFFUSION

Where is SIMPLE SQUA. EPI located?

alveoli or capillarys

What is the function of SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPI?

absorption and secretion

Where is SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPI located?

sweat glands and kidney tubules

What is the function of SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPI?

absorption and secretion

Where is SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPI located?

GI tract and uterus

What is the function of PSUEDOSTRATIFIED EPI?

to secrete and move MUCOUS

Where is PSUEDOSTRAT COLUMNAR EPI located?

respiratory tract

What is the function of KERATINIZED STRAT SQUA EPI?

• protection → resist ABRASION

Where is the KERATINIZED STRAT SQUA EPI located?

epidermis

What is the function of NON-KER STRAT SQUA EPI?

to resist abrasion and to protect

Where is NON-KER STRAT SQUA EPI located?

mouth, anus, vag

What is the significance of the BASEMENT MEM?

it anchors the epithelium (top) to the connective tissue (bttm)

What are TWO features in which EPI tissues are classified?

1. # of cell layers

2. cell shapes

How many CONNECTIVE Tissues are there?

8

Name the 8 CONNECTIVE Tissues

• Dense CT (Fibrous)

• Loose CT (Fibrous)

• Adipose

• Hyaline (Cartilage)

• Elastic (Cart)

• Fibrocartilage (Cart)

• Bone

• Blood

What are some FEATURES of Connective Tissues?

• AKA: “to connect”

• there are fewer cells

• lots of matrix

• SOME are vascular

How many types of DENSE CT are there?

• 2

• regular and irregular

  • densely packed COLLAGEN (wavy/shiny/smooth)

What is the function of DENSE CT?

binds tissues together and resists stress

Where is REGULAR DENSE CT located?

tendons and ligaments

Where is IRREGULAR DENSE CT located?

dermis

What is the function of LOOSE CT?

• binds epi to deeper tissue

• passageway for vessels, nerves, nutrients, and wastes

Where is LOOSE CT located?

dermis, beneath epithelial tissues

What is so special about LOOSE CT?

it has ALL 3 FIBER TYPES

• collagen fiber

• elastic fiber

• reticular fiber

What is another word for ADIPOSE tissue?

fat tissue

What is the function of ADIPOSE tissue?

• energy storage

• cushions vital organs

• insulates the body against the cold

• fat is stored here

Where is ADIPOSE tissue located?

• HYPOdermis

• breasts

• surrounding organs

• lots of ADIPOCYTES

How many CARTILAGE tissues are there?

3

Name the 3 CARTILAGE tissues

• hyaline cart

• elastic cart

• fibrocart

What is the function of CARTILAGE?

• type of connective tissue

• made by CHONdrocytes in LACUNAE

• fibers, semi-rigid matrix

• avascular

What is special about HYALINE cart?

• most common/flexible

• LACUNAE are in PAIRS of 2

What is the FUNCTION of HYALINE cart?

flexible support

Where is HYALINE cart located?

nose, ribcage, resp tract, at synovial joints

What is special about ELASTIC cart?

• random lacunae

• looks like a bunch of eyes

What is the FUNCTION of elastic cart?

elastic support

Where is ELASTIC cart located?

external ear and epiglottis

What is special about FIBROCARTILAGE?

• strongest

• most rigid

• LACUNAE in ROWS

What is the function of FIBROCART?

acts as a shock absorber and resists heavy compression

Where is FIBROCART located?

menisci of knee, intervertebral discs, pubic symphasis

What is special about BONE tissue?

• significant amt of collagen

• calcified matrix

Describe what the BONE tissue looks like

• the circular shape of the tissue= OSTEOM

• the black circle in the middle= CENTRAL CANAL

  • blood vessels go through the bone tissue

• the lines that ring AROUND the central canal= LAMELLAE

• horizontal lines on the lamellae= CANALICULI

  • formed when cells that live there stretch to gain nutrients

What is the function of BONE tissue?

structure support, protection, and calcium storage

What is the function of BLOOD tissue?

transports, immune defense

Where is BLOOD tissue located?

blood vessels and heart

What is the function of NERVOUS tissue?

• AKA: “excitable tissue”

• RAPID communication

• lots of matrix

What are the CELL TYPES of NERVOUS tissue?

neurons and glial cells (“GLUE”)

What does GLIAL cells do?

support, protect, and assist neurons

Where is NERVOUS tissue located?

brain, spinal cord, nerves

What is the FUNCTION of MUSCLE tis?

to contract and generate force to produce MOVEMENT and BODY HEAT

What are some FEATURES of muscle tis?

• AKA: “excitable tissues”

• cells are tightly packed

• little matrix

• 50% of body mass

• high energy use

What is special about SKELETAL MUSCLE?

they are MULTInucleate and vertical striations

What is the function of SKELETAL MUS?

voluntary movement

Where is SKELETAL MUS located?

attached to BONES and TONGUE

What is special about CARDIAC MUS?

UNInucleate and connected by intercalated discs (black vert lines)

What is the function of CARDIAC MUS?

pump blood

Where is CARDIAC MUS located?

heart

What is special about SMOOTH MUS?

UNInucleate and there are NO striations

What is the function of SMOOTH MUS?

involuntary movement

Where is SMOOTH MUS located?

viscera and blood vessels

How many types of intracellular junctions are there?

3

What are the 3 INTRA JUNC?

• tight junc

• desmosomes

• gap junc

What is the function of INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS?

• holds cells together

• resists stress

• intracellular communication

What is the function of TIGHT JUNC?

fuses the plasma mem, stops muscles from passing between cells

Where is TIGHT JUNC located?

gi tract, cells, brains

What is the function of DESMOSOMES?

hooks cytoskeleton and proteins together / holds cells tgthr

Where is DESMOSOMES located?

cardiac mus and skin

What is the function of GAP JUNC?

connection between cytoplasm of the cells

Where is GAP JUNC located?

• cardiac muscle

  • rapid electrical communication

• embryo

  • nutrient distribution

Integumentary System

skin, hair, nails, glands

Func of Integumentary Sys

• protect inside of body

• water and uv barrier

• sensation

  • TEMP, PRESSURE, TOUCH, PAIN

• thermoregulation

• vitamin d synthesis

Epidermis

“upon” the dermis

Cell Types

• keratinocytes

• dendritic cells

• tactile cells

• melanoctyes

• stem cells

Keratinocytes

makes keratin

Dendritic Cell

immune cells (MACROPHAGES)

Tactile Cell

touch receptors

Melanocytes

makes melanin, ONLY in STRATUM BASALE

Stem Cells

gives rise to keratinocytes, ONLY in STRATUM BASALE

Layers (BOTTOM TO TOP)

• stratum basale

• stratum spinosum

• water barrier

• stratum granulosum

• stratum lucidum

• stratum corneum

Stratum Basale

single layer, CONSTANT MITOSIS (making cell copies)

Stratum Spinosum

many layers, limited mitosis because we’re moving farther away from the BLOOD SUPPLY

Water barrier

cells above DIE, cells below are PROTECTED FROM H2O LOSS/GAIN

Stratum granulosum

2-5 layers, keratinocytes have DARK granules, KERATIN+FAT

Stratum lucidum

• LIGHT

only found in thick skin (palms and soles of the feet)

Stratum corneum

30+ layers, thickest layer, dead scaly cells that constantly shed

Melanin

• brown/black pigment

• produced by melanin taken up by keratinocytes

• absorbs uv radiation

Hemoglobin

• red/pink from blood

• more prominent where vessels are closer to the surface

Carotene

• yellow/orange (stratum corneum)

• from egg yolkes, orange/yellow veggies, or fruits

Dermis

connective tissue (mostly collagen)

• Found in

  • blood vessels

  • nerves

  • glands

  • hair

  • nails

  • muscles

Dermal papillae / Epidermal ridges

• prevents slippage of epidermis

• high sensitivity

  • creates fingerprints

Papillary Layer

• TOP 20% of the dermis

• loose CT

Reticular layer

• BOTTOM 80% (dermis + hypodermis)

• dense, IRREG CT

Tactile corpuscle receptor

light touch receptors in DERMAL PAPILLAE

Lamellar corpuscle receptor

deep pressure in RETICULAR layer