Biology Chapter 23

Sporic life cycle of early plants

Sporic life cycle of early plants

1.multicellular, diploid sporophyte
2. meiosis
3.haploid spores
4.mitosis of haploid cells
5.multicellular, haploid gametophyte
6. sperm/egg
7.fertilization
8.single-celled, diploid zygote
9.mitosis of diploid cells
10. repeat

Terpenes and terpenoids

taxol, citronella, natural rubber, turpentine, and rosin

Phenolics

nutmeg, floral pigments, ginger, and vanilla

Alkaloids

caffeine, ephedrine, cannabinoids, nicotine, cocaine, codeine, thc, and morphine

What adaptations allowed vascular plants to thrive in terrestrial environments that cannot be colonized by bryophytes?

stomata, tracheids, a waxy cuticle

Chara zeylanica (pictured) is a complex streptophyte alga. What traits would this species need to gain in order to be classified as a land plant?

-Apical meristems that produce three-dimensional tissues
-Spores surrounded by walls composed of sporopollenin
-Embryos that develop within maternal tissues
-A sporic life cycle
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The main effect of burning peat, wood, coal, and petroleum on the Earth's climate is

The fires release back into the atmosphere carbon dioxide that was once taken from the atmosphere by plants and stored in their own tissues; the increased carbon dioxide holds in solar heat and causes a rise in temperature.

Plants and complex streptophyte algae share a number of derived traits, except:

chlorophyll a and b.

Flowers, fruits, and endosperm are defining characteristics of the angiosperms.

true

In conifers, microspores develop into:

pollen grains

Gymnosperm phyla include:

cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, and coniferophyta

Which groups of plants have at least some members that possess tough tissues capable of transporting water and nutrients?

spermatophytes, lycophytes, tracheophytes, and embryophytes

Two varieties of rainforest fig differ in the sweetness of their fruit. One variety has a very sweet fruit while the other produces a fruit that is not as sweet. A forest survey shows that the tree producing the sweet variety of fruit appears more frequently in the forest. What can you conclude about this species of fig tree?

Sweeter fruit is an adaptation in this species of fig.


The fact that there are more fig trees that produce the sweeter variety of fruit growing in the rainforest indicates that having sweeter fruit increases the fruit's chances of being eaten and having its seeds dispersed. While the less sweet fruit is still fed upon, it is not fed upon as frequently because the animals apparently prefer the sweeter fruit. Any characteristic that increases the reproductive success of a species is considered an adaptation.

Which of the following statements are true of xylem?

-It assists in conducting materials, such as water and minerals, throughout the plant.
-It provides structural support to the plant.
-It contains specialized cells known as tracheids.

Plant embryos

rely on protection and resources supplied from the maternal plant.


Plant embryos result from fertilization of eggs within the maternal plants' tissues which nourish it as it develops. The diploid embryo is the beginning of the next sporophyte generation.

Which of the following statements are true of the stomata on the leaves of vascular plants?

-They regulate intake of carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis.
-They regulate release of oxygen to the air.
-They regulate loss of water.
-They are able to open or close depending on environmental conditions.

What properties are attributable to phenolics?

-antioxidants in red wine
-the flavor of vanilla
-the absorption of ultraviolet radiation
-the flavor of chilis

Which of the following comparisons between the moss life cycle and fern life cycle are valid?

-The sporophyte generation is smaller than the gametophyte generation in mosses, but the sporophyte generation is much larger than the gametophyte generation in ferns.
-The spores are produced in capsules on stalks in mosses but in small structures called sori on the underside of leaves in ferns.
-Both kinds of plants depend on wind for dispersal of spores.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate description of fruits and seeds?

Fruits are structures that contain seeds and foster seed dispersal.

The functions of vascular tissue in plants include

-physical support of the plant
-transport of water
-transport of minerals
-transport of organic compounds

Pseudoephedrine, based on the chemical structure of ephedrine from the Gnetophyte genus Ephedra, is used as a treatment for:

congestin

What is the most likely consequence of a mutation that causes sporopollenin to degrade quickly after it is synthesized?

A reduction in the ability of spores to disperse to new areas.

Moss sperm are produced in

antheridia

Picea glauca is a seed-bearing plant. What other characteristic MUST be true of this species?

It has vascular tissue.

Conifers produce copious amounts of pollen during reproduction. What would be a likely consequence of a significant reduction in the amount of pollen produced by conifers?

There would be a decrease in the number of seeds produced because the chances of pollen reaching a female cone of the same species would be reduced.