1.1-1.6 Ap Vocab

Song dynasty

wealthiest and most pioneering empire globally

The Mongols

ultimately accomplished new knowledge and technology that easily across Eurasia

Imperial Bureaucracy

A Chinese organization in which appointed officials enforced/carried out the policies of the empire.

Grand Canal

stretched over 30,000 miles and allowed china to become the most populous trade region on the globe

Foot binding

a bound foot display a more prominent social status ,and desire for suitors

Woodblock Printing

a block of wood engraved in east Asian text

Four Noble Truths

the idea that an individual can end personal suffering through eliminating desires and following Buddhist teaching

Chan (Zen) Buddhism

emphasized learning trough life experiences and meditation

Filial Piety

the loyalty and submission of families to the male head of the family

Neo-Confucianism

A movement in religious philosophy derived from Confucianism in China around AD 1000 in response to the ideas of Taoism and Buddhism.

Heian Period

The last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185

Bushido

Japanese code that emphasized self-denial, loyalty, the practicing of martial arts, and honor beyond death.

Mamluks

Slave soldiers who eventually became bureaucrats

Mamluks Sultanate

A member of one of the armies of slaves established during the Abbasid era that later won political control of several Muslim states.

Sultan

The leader of the Seljuk people

Crusaders

Christian soldiers of Europe

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

(1201-1274) was celebrated for creating the most accurate astronomical charts and headed an observatory recognized as the most advanced in the world at the time.

A'ishah al-Bu'uniyyah

(1460-1507) was an important writer, contributing her long poem called "Clear Inspiration, on Praise of the Trusted One," in honor of Muhammad.

Sufis

Focused on introspection to reach truths they thought was not attainable through learning.

Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646)

second kingdom, lasted from the mid-1300s to mid-1500s when a group of Islamic kingdoms defeated it. The kingdom was created and led by brothers who had once been Hindu, but became Muslim for the sake of economic advancement.

Delhi Sultanate

This kingdom was established by Mahmud's successors to spread Islam in India.

Qutub Minar

A building erected by the Delhi Sultanate when they occupied areas belonging to mostly Hindu temples and other religious monuments.

Bhakti Movement

The combining of past teachings that discussed the significance of emotions in Hindus' spiritual lives with a new idea of developing a strong connection with a specific deity.Srivijaya Empire (670-1025): was based on Sumatra and was a Hindu kingdom whose strengths included naval prowess and charging fees for traveling ships on their way to and from India and China.

Urdu

A new language developed as Muslims settled into South Asia. It was the combination of grammatical elements of Hindi (Northern Indians' language), Arabic vocabulary, and components of Farsi (language spoken by the Persians). Urdu is modern-day Pakistan's official language.

Majapahit Kingdom (1293-1520):

was based on Java and boasted 98 tributaries at the height of its power. Similar to the aforementioned kingdom, the Majapahit accrued power using water routes. In contrast, the Majapahit were Buddhist.

Sinhala Dynasties

Found its origin in immigrants who were likely merchants from northern India during 3rd century B.C.E. The region allowed monasteries and nunneries to thrive, becoming significant to the cultural and bureaucratic systems that began to depend on Buddhist advisors. Indian attacks, as well as tension between government and the priests, led to the kingdom's decline.

Thailand's Sukhothai Kingdom

Captured the region, and expelled the Khmers. Nonetheless, architectures of the past still stand, indicating the power of its influence on the area.

Mississippian Culture:

East of the Mississippi River Valley, the first major civilization in North America began around the 700s or 800s.

Cahokia

Mississippians constructed massive mounds made of earth. The largest of them is in southern Illinois. These mounds reached 100 feet in height and covered the area of a dozen football fields.

Matrilineal society

Meaning that social status was indicated by a woman's side of the family.

City-state:

ach led by a king and composed of a city and its adjoining land.

Human sacrifices

Sacrificing a human for religious rituals or to win over a group of people.

Mexicas

Aztecs were initially hunter-gatherers who moved from northern to central Mexico in the 1200s.

Theocracy

government run by religious leaders

Inca Empire

The Western Hemisphere's largest imperial state in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries;

Temple of the sun

Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas.

Animism

The belief that components of the physical world could possess supernatural abilities. They called elements like a river, stone, or mountain pass, huaca.

Mit'a system

Public service of men from age 15 to 50 to work in agriculture or construction—rather than the brutal nature of the Aztecs tribute system.

Carpa Nan

The Incans were excellent builders of roads and bridges, eventually developing an impressive roadway system of about 25,000 miles

Kin based networks

A system based on more familial and community-based leadership where families ruled themselves.

Hausa Kingdom

A group of small independent city-states in northern central Africa between the Niger River and Lake Chad which flourished from the 15th to 18th century CE.

Trans-Saharan Trade

A fairly small-scale trade that developed in the 12th century C.E., exporting West African slaves captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants in Islamic North Africa; difficulty of travel across the desert limited the scope of this trade.

Mali

By the late 1100s, wars with neighbors had weakened the state of Ghana leading to a rise of new trading societies. Mali was the most powerful of these new groups.

Zimbabwe

By trading with coastal city-states like Mombasa and Mogadishu and taxing gold transports from its gold fields, the eastern African kingdom of Zimbabwe became quite wealthy.

Indian ocean trade

The world's largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 C.E.

Great ZImbabwe

A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast

Ethiopia

The kingdom of Axum spread in what is modern-day Ethiopia. Impacted by successful trading and the introductions of various religions, religious architecture became a defining element of the region.

Indian Ocean Slave trade

Sometimes known as the East African slave trade or Arab slave trade, was multi-directional slave trade and has changed over time. Africans were sent as slaves to the Middle East, to Indian Ocean islands (including Madagascar), to the Indian subcontinent, and later to the Americas.

Zanj rebellion

A black-slave revolt against the ʿAbbāsid caliphal empire.

Feudalism

The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Serfs

An agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.

three-field system

Method of agricultural organization introduced in Europe in the Middle Ages and representing a decisive advance in production techniques.

Estates General

A body of counselors who represented each of France's three legal classes

Esates

The clergy, nobility, and commoners.

lay investiture

A conflict between the church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture) and abbots of monasteries and the pope himself.

Magna carta

A charter of liberties to which the English barons forced King John to give his assent in June 1215 at Runnymede. 2 : a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges.

English parliament

First representative government of England, composed of 2 knights from every town, and all the noble and bishops throughout England.

Great schism

The split of the Christian Church into two branches: Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic.

Primogeniture

The right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of an intestate passed to the eldest son.

Crusades

European military action in the Middle East that occurred between 1095 and the 1200s.

bourgeoisie (burghers)

The middle class of European society during the Middle Ages

Antisemitism

Hatred towards Jewish people

Renaissance

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be the "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture.

Humanism

The emphasis on individuals rather than God, led to a push for education and reform.