LPVN 100 Exam 2 Study Guide & Practice Concepts

Vocabulary flashcards covering core foundational nursing concepts, legal and ethical standards, infection control, wound assessment, and safety principles for LPVN 100 Exam 2.

ABC Framework

A clinical priority framework that organizes care in the sequence of Airway, Breathing, and Circulation; a threat to the airway supersedes almost all other clinical concerns.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A priority framework structuring care from Physiological needs, to Safety/security, Love/belonging, Esteem, and Self-actualization, requiring physiological stability before higher-level needs are addressed.

Assessment (Nursing Process)

The first step of ADPIE centered on collecting subjective data (what the client reports) and objective data (measurable clinical findings).

Diagnosis / Analysis (Nursing Process)

The step of the nursing process that identifies and names the client's human response or problem rather than identifying the medical disease.

NCSBN Clinical Judgment Model

A six-step cognitive process used by NCLEX comprising: Recognize cues, Analyze cues, Prioritize hypotheses, Generate solutions, Take action, and Evaluate outcomes.

SMART Goals

Client-centered, measurable objectives focusing on observable actions the client will achieve (e.g., 'state,' 'demonstrate,' 'walk') rather than vague verbs like 'understand.'

SBAR

A structured communication and handoff framework consisting of Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation.

SOAP

A clinical documentation format organizing progress notes into Subjective data, Objective data, Assessment, and Plan.

PIE

A problem-focused charting method organizing notes into Problem, Intervention, and Evaluation.

DAR

A focus charting format that organizes notes into Data, Action, and Response (what occurred after the action was taken).

Incident Report (Occurrence Report)

An administrative safety and quality document completed per facility policy that is strictly never placed inside or referenced within the client's medical record.

Autonomy

The ethical principle upholding a competent client's right to self-determination and personal choice, such as honoring a refusal of medication.

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

Core ethical obligations requiring the nurse to do good and do no harm, such as withholding an opioid dose when a client's respiratory rate drops to $8/\text{min}$.

Justice

The ethical principle of fairness and equity, requiring equal care and standard of practice regardless of client socioeconomic or insurance status.

Veracity

The ethical obligation of truth-telling and honesty, such as admitting and reporting a medication error rather than concealing it.

Fidelity

The ethical principle of keeping commitments, promises, and agreements made to the client, such as returning at a promised time.

Assault

An intentional tort consisting of a verbal or non-verbal threat that puts a person in fear of unwanted or harmful contact (e.g., threatening physical restraints if medication is refused).

Battery

An intentional tort involving actual unwanted or unpermitted physical contact, such as inserting an indwelling urinary catheter after a competent client explicitly refused.

False Imprisonment

The unlawful restriction of a client's freedom of movement without medical necessity, justification, or a healthcare provider's order.

Negligence / Malpractice

The failure of a healthcare professional to provide reasonable care consistent with standard practices, resulting in client injury or harm.

Standard Precautions

Universal infection prevention practices applied to all client care, involving routine hand hygiene and personal protective equipment based on anticipated exposure to blood or body fluids.

Contact Precautions

Transmission-based precautions requiring gown, gloves, and dedicated equipment for infectious agents spread by direct or indirect contact, such as MRSA, VRE, C. difficile, and scabies.

Droplet Precautions

Transmission-based precautions requiring a surgical/medical mask and preferably a private room for pathogens spread via large respiratory particles, such as influenza, pertussis, mumps, and bacterial meningitis.

Airborne Precautions

Transmission-based precautions requiring a fit-tested N95 respirator and an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR) with negative pressure and a closed door for pathogens like tuberculosis, measles, and varicella.

Medical Asepsis

Clean technique practices implemented to reduce the total number, growth, and transmission of pathogenic microorganisms.

Surgical Asepsis

Sterile technique practices designed to completely eliminate and destroy all microorganisms and spores from an area or object.

RACE

The fire emergency response sequence: Rescue the client from immediate danger, Activate the fire alarm, Contain the fire by closing doors, and Extinguish the fire.

PASS

The operational sequence for using a fire extinguisher: Pull the pin, Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, and Sweep from side to side.

Primary Prevention

Health promotion and disease prevention strategies implemented to avoid the onset of illness before it starts (e.g., immunizations, seatbelt/helmet education, exercise counseling).

Secondary Prevention

Health activities aimed at early disease detection, screening, and prompt intervention (e.g., mammography, colonoscopy, blood pressure screenings).

Tertiary Prevention

Interventions targeted at limiting disability, managing long-term problems, and rehabilitating clients with existing, established diseases (e.g., cardiac rehabilitation, preventing contractures).

Delirium

An acute, sudden-onset cognitive impairment lasting hours to days that fluctuates, is considered a medical emergency, and is usually reversible when underlying triggers (UTI, hypoxia, medications) are treated.

Dementia

A slow, gradual, and progressive cognitive decline occurring over months to years that is irreversible and primarily managed with safety, routine, and support.

Orthostatic Hypotension

A positional blood pressure change defined as a systolic drop of $20+$ or a diastolic drop of $10+$ occurring within $3\,\text{min}$ of standing up.

Stage 1 Pressure Injury

Localized area of intact skin displaying nonblanchable erythema (redness).

Stage 2 Pressure Injury

Partial-thickness skin loss presenting with an exposed pink or red viable wound bed, or manifesting as an intact or ruptured serum-filled blister.

Stage 3 Pressure Injury

Full-thickness skin loss where subcutaneous adipose (fat) is visible, but bone, tendon, and muscle are not exposed.

Stage 4 Pressure Injury

Full-thickness skin and tissue loss with directly visible or palpable bone, tendon, or muscle.

Unstageable Pressure Injury

Full-thickness tissue loss in which the extent of tissue damage and depth cannot be confirmed because the wound bed is obscured by slough or eschar.

Deep Tissue Injury

Persistent, nonblanchable, localized area of dark red, maroon, or purple discoloration on intact skin, or an intact blood-filled blister.

Braden Scale

A risk assessment scoring tool ranging from $6\text{--}23$ used to determine pressure injury susceptibility, where lower numbers correlate with higher risk (a score of 18 or lower indicates risk).

Serosanguineous Drainage

Wound exudate that appears watery and pale pink, representing a mixture of clear serum and red blood cells.

Purulent Drainage

Thick, opaque wound drainage containing dead cells and bacteria (pus), indicating the presence of infection.

Evisceration

A post-surgical emergency characterized by the complete separation of wound layers along with the protrusion of internal visceral organs through the open incision.

Minimum Adult Urine Output

The clinical standard urinary excretion volume of approximately $30\,\text{mL/hr}$ (or $0.5\,\text{mL/kg/hr}$), below which the nurse must promptly report to the provider.