Plant Diversity Exam 3

34 families

How many families in Caryophyllids?

11,155

How many species in Caryophyllids?

6%

What percentage of eudicot diversity is made up of Caryophyllids?

Desert and arid regions with high salt, low water, xerophytes and alpine and tundra environments.

What are the stressful environments that Caryophyllids are adapted for?

succulence, no leaves, C4 and CAM photosynthesis, salt excretion

What are some of the morphological or physiological adaptations for life in the arid world?

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

What is CAM photosynthesis?

Carnivorous plants

What type of plants evolve in low Nitrogen habitats?

1. Betalains

2. Free-central placentation (or basal)

3. Curved embryo in ovule = campylotropous

4. Pollen shed in trinucleate stage

Core Caryophyllales are defined by what 4 key features?

Betalains

Nitrogen containing pigments found in the core Caryophyllales

Capsule

Free-central placentation or basal placentation generate what type of fruit?

Carnations

The common name for Caryophyllaceae is what?

Dichasium

What type of inflorescence is seen in Caryophyllaceae?

Dichasium

A determinate inflorescence where the main stem ends in a terminal flower that opens first, the growth then continues with 2 lateral branches coming out from below it.

Cyme

A type of flower cluster where the main floral axis terminates in a flower, stopping further vertical growth of that stem.

CA 5 or (5), CO5, A5 or 10, G(2-5) Superior ovary
5 merous flowers
Calyx fused +/-
Corolla not fused, often lobed
Anthers of 1-2 whorls
1 pistil of 2-5 carpels

What is the floral information for Caryophyllaceae?

5 merous

What is the merousity of Caryophyllaceae?

By teeth or valves.

How do the capsule fruit of Caryophyllaceae open?

Free-central or axile

What is the placentation of Caryophyllaceae?

Amaranths

What is the common name for Amaranthaceae?

174

How many genera in Amaranthaceae?

2,050

How many species in Amaranthaceae?

Holophytes or weeds

Amaranthaceae are often what type of herb?

CA5, CO0, A5, G(2-3) with superior ovary
Flowers small, bracted, congested, lacking corolla
Mono or dioecious
Calyx persistent around the fruit

What is the floral information of Amaranthaceae?

1-seeded utricle or basal seeded achene.

What type of fruit is found in Amaranthaceae?

cacti

What is the common name for Cactaceae?

100

How many genera in Cactaceae?

1400

How many species in Cactaceae?

Fleshy, succulent, often epiphytes with no leaves. Spines or glochids present at areoles.

Describe the Cactaceae plant, (not floral).

P∞, A∞, G(4) with hypanthium and inferior ovary
Many tepals
Epigynous flower

What is the floral information of Cactaceae?

Berry

What is the fruit of Cactaceae?

parietal (rare)

What is the placentation of Cactaceae?

Lophophora williamsonia

What Cactaceae speceies does peyote (mescaline) come from?

Opuntia macrorhiza

What is the species called plains prickly-pear?

Opuntia humifusa

What is the species called eastern prickly-pear?

smartweeds

What is the common name for Polygonaceae?

61

How many genera in Polygonaceae?

1100

How many species in Polygonaceae?

Herbs and few shrubs of wet or arid regions

What type of plants are found in Polygonaceae?

Ocrea

Modified stipules as sheath

P3+3 (5), A 3X, G(3) with superior ovary
Flowers congested
Basically 3 merous with tepals petaloid

What is the floral information of Polygonaceae?

1-seeded, 3 angled achene

What is the fruit type of Polygonaceae?

Rumex and Persicaria (Polygonum)

What are the largest genera of Polygonaceae?

Amaranthaceae, Cactaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Polygonaceae

What families of Caryophyllids will we focus on?

23

How many families are in Ericales?

11,000+

How many species are in Ericales?

<6%

What percentage of Eudicots are Ericales?

10%

What percentage of understory species are Ericales?

22%

What percentage of stemmed plants are Ericales in Topical rainforests?

Mycorrhizal

What is Ericales associated with?

Parasitism, carnivory, and Mycoheterotrophs

What are some of the nutrient uptake strategies seen in Ericales?

Blueberries

What is the common name for Ericaceae?

Mycoheterotrophs

A symbiotic relationship between certain kinds of plants and fungi in which the plant gets all or part of its food from parasitism upon fungi rather than from photosynthesis.

126

How many genera in Ericaceae?

4,000

How many species in Ericaceae?

Nutrient poor soils, bogs, acidic pine forests, topical epiphytes, sandy soils, and fynbos.

What type of soils does Ericaceae tend to grow in?

CA (4-5) CO (4-5) A 8,10 G (4-5) both inferior and superior ovaries
Calyx and corolla are fuse
Corolla tube bell or vase shaped
Stamens are 2X the number of petals

What is the floral information of Ericaceae?

Terminal pores

Ericaceae often exhibits this for pollen release for buzz pollination by bees.

Berry or capsule with 4-5 partitions and many seeds

What type of fruit is seen in Ericaceae?

Pitcher plants

What is the common name for Sarraceniaceae?

3

How many genera in Sarraceniaceae?

Insectivorous

What type of nutrient uptake is seen in Sarraceniaceae?

CA5, CO5, A∞, G(5) with superior ovary
5 merous flower
Peltate stigma

What is the floral infromation for Sarraceniaceae?

Ericaceae and Sarraceniaceae

What familes of Ericales are we focusing on?

2

How many families are seen in Dipsacales?

1100

How many species are seen in Dipsacales?

4

How many families where in Dipsacales pre-DNA?

7

How many families where in Dipsacales post-DNA?

2

How many families is Caprifoliaceae divided into now?

honeysuckles

What is the common name for Caprifoliaceae?

43

How many genera are found in Caprifoliaceae?

900

How many species are found in Caprifoliaceae?

CA(5), CO(5), A4-5, G(2-5) with hypanthium and inferior ovary
5 merous
Long styled
Bell shaped
Leaves opposite

What is the floral information for Caprifoliaceae?

Berry, or reduced to achenes

What type of fruit is seen in Caprifoliaceae?

7

How many families are seen in Apiales?

5500

How many species are seen in Apiales?

Australia

Where is the center of diversity for Apiales?

Aromatic, alternate compound leaves, unbels, corolla seperate, inferior gynoecium

How would you describe Apiales?

Umbels

What is the common name for Apiaceae?4

430

How many genera in Apiaceae?

3700+

How many species within Apiaceae?

Aromatic herbs with hollow stems
Dissected or compound leaves
Leaves strongly shetahing

How would you describe Apiaceae?

CA5, CO5, A5, G(2) with hypanthium and inferior ovary
Flowers small in umbels, often compound
Female flowers often along edge of umbellet
5 merous with no corolla tube
inferior gynoecium of 2 carpels, separating at maturity

What is the floral information of Apiaceae?

Schizocarp

What type of fruit is seen in Apiaceae?

5

How many families within Gentianales?

17,000

How many species within Gentianales?

Apocynaceae and Rubiaceae

What 2 families are dominate within Gentianales?

milkweeds

What is the common name for Apocynaceae?

415

How many genera in Apocynaceae?

4600

How many species are in Apocynaceae.

Milky latex

What is found in Apocynaceae that is commonly poisonous?

CA(5), CO(5), A5, G2 with hypanthium and superior ovary
5 merous flowers
Left contorted perianth
2 separate carpels - follicles
Pollen presentation

What is the floral information of Apocynaceae?

Corona

A hood and horn used for nectar rewards in Apocynaceae.

Pollinia

A pollen mass seen in Apocynaceae.

Movement of pollen, embryo encased in a seed or fruit, and spores.

What do plants have to rely on for sexual reproduction due to movement onto land?

Gene flow

Outcrossing vs. inbreeding

Reproductive isolation

Speciation

Co-speciation (coevolution)

Why are Pollination and seed/spore dispersal important aspects of biosystematics in plants?

Coevolution

Interactions between two different clades as selective forces on each other, resulting in adaptations that increase their interdependency.

Plants evolve elaborate methods to attract animal pollinators and Animals evolve specialized body parts and behaviors that aid plant pollination.

Animal-flowering plant interaction is a classic example of coevolution that caused what?

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma, in same plant or between two plants.

To bring male and female parts closer.

Why were bisexual flowers evolved?

Pollen- and carpel-bearing structures

Primitive flowers had what structures separate as seen in all gymnosperms?