Wardlaw's Perspectives in Nutrition - Chapters 9 & 10 Knowledge Check Solutions

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering energy metabolism, metabolic pathways, energy balance, expenditure measurement, and related clinical perspectives from Wardlaw's Perspectives in Nutrition Chapters 9 and 10.

Metabolism

Chemical processes in the body that provide energy in useful forms and sustain vital activities.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The main form of chemical energy used by the body.

Catabolic Reactions

Metabolic reactions that produce energy by breaking down larger compounds into small units, such as during weight loss.

Anabolic Reactions

Metabolic reactions that use energy to build larger, more complex compounds, such as during periods of growth.

Oxidation Reaction

A chemical reaction in organic compounds where a substance gains oxygen or loses hydrogen, controlled by enzymes.

Reduction Reaction

A chemical reaction in organic compounds where a substance loses oxygen or gains hydrogen, controlled by enzymes.

Coenzyme

A compound that aids an enzyme in its function.

Niacin and Riboflavin

B vitamins that serve as coenzymes to convert food into energy, maintain cellular health, and support the nervous system.

Anaerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm in the absence of oxygen.

Aerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondria and cytosol when oxygen is available.

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway in the cytosol that breaks down a 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon compounds (pyruvate).

Pyruvate

The 3-carbon end product of glycolysis.

Transition Reaction Vitamins

The four vitamins required for the transition reaction: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and pantothenic acid.

Citric Acid Cycle

A cyclic pathway where oxaloacetate combines with acetyl-CoA to form citric acid, producing $6\,\text{NADH} + \text{H}^+$, requiring copper and iron, and recreating the starting molecule at the end.

Electron Transport Chain End Products

The final products formed by the electron transport chain: ATP, $H_2O$, $NAD^+$, and FAD.

Cori Cycle

A metabolic pathway that quickly forms energy without requiring oxygen, helping muscles continue to work during high-intensity exercise.

Lipolysis

The breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.

Carnitine

A carrier compound used to shuttle fatty acids from the cytosol of the cell into the mitochondria for energy production.

Beta-Oxidation

The metabolic process that breaks down fatty acids by cleaving 2-carbon fragments, producing acetyl-CoA, $NADH + H^+$, and $FADH_2$.

Ketone Bodies

Incomplete breakdown products of fat containing 3 or 4 carbons, formed during hormonal imbalances or inadequate insulin production.

Ketosis

A condition characterized by high concentrations of ketone bodies and related breakdown products in the bloodstream and tissues.

Branched-Chain Amino Acids

Leucine, isoleucine, and valine; amino acids that are primarily metabolized for fuel in skeletal muscles.

Glucogenic Amino Acids

Amino acids whose carbon skeletons can be converted into glucose.

Ketogenic Amino Acids

Amino acids whose carbon skeletons can be converted directly into acetyl-CoA.

Gluconeogenesis

The metabolic pathway that synthesizes glucose from amino acids and other non-carbohydrate precursors, starting in the mitochondria and continuing in the cytoplasm.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) Pathway

The primary pathway located in the cytosol that catabolizes alcohol.

Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System (MEOS)

An alternate pathway used to metabolize alcohol when moderate to excessive amounts of alcohol are consumed.

Catalase Pathway

An additional pathway in the cell that contributes to the metabolism of alcohol.

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Genetic disorders of metabolism characterized by symptoms such as poor appetite, vomiting, dehydration, physical weakness, and delayed growth.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

An inborn error of metabolism caused by inefficient functioning of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase in the liver.

Galactosemia

An inborn error of metabolism requiring strict dietary restriction of all dairy products, organ meats, and specific fruits and vegetables.

Cancer Cell Metabolism

A wasteful metabolic state where cells rely heavily on glycolysis for energy even in the presence of abundant oxygen, involving altered metabolism of glucose, glutamine, and fat.

Energy Balance

The relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure.

Energy Equilibrium

The state in which energy intake equals energy expenditure.

Positive Energy Balance

A condition in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, leading to weight gain.

Negative Energy Balance

A condition in which energy intake is less than energy expenditure, leading to weight loss.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The rate of energy expenditure by the body at rest, fasting, and awake in a warm, quiet environment, representing $60\,\text{to}\,70\%$ of total energy expenditure.

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

The rate of energy the body uses when an individual is resting and has not eaten for at least 4 hours.

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

The energy expended by the body to digest, absorb, transport, and store nutrients consumed in food.

Adaptive Thermogenesis

Heat production resulting from energy expended for nonvoluntary physical activity triggered by extreme environmental conditions.

Brown Fat

A specialized form of adipose tissue that participates in non-shivering thermogenesis to produce heat, especially in infants.

Direct Calorimetry

A method of estimating energy expenditure by directly measuring the amount of heat released by the body.

Indirect Calorimetry

A method of determining energy expenditure by measuring the oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide expired over a specific duration.

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

The calculated daily energy intake needed to maintain energy balance, based on weight, height, age, sex, and physical activity level.

Hunger

The physiological internal drive for food.

Appetite

The psychological influence that encourages eating behavior regardless of physiological need.

Satiety

The physiological feeling of fullness and satisfaction that halts eating behavior.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A preferred weight-for-height standard calculated by dividing body weight by height squared ($\text{weight} / \text{height}^2$).

Set Point Theory

The theory that the body has an internal, genetically predetermined mechanism that regulates and defends a specific body weight or fat content.

Marfan Syndrome

A genetic disorder that results in limited fat storage and altered connective tissue.

Prader-Willi Syndrome

A genetic disorder characterized by short stature and an uncontrolled appetite, which often leads to severe obesity.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory purging behaviors (such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise), often resulting in tooth decay and dangerous drops in blood potassium.

SCOFF Questionnaire

A five-question screening tool used to recognize eating disorders, assessing whether a patient makes themselves Sick, loses Control, lost One stone, believes they are Fat, or if Food dominates their life.

How is citric acid formed

oxaloacetate is combined with acetyl-CoA

How many NADH +H+ are formed

6

can fat be used to synthesise glucose

no

Where does alcohol dehydrogenase catabolize alcohol

Cytosol

what happens to excess amounts of fat

adipose cells

what happens to excess amounts of protein

amino acid pools

carbohydrates

glycogen stores

4 components of weight loss

regular physical activity, control of problem behaviors, psychological services, control of intake

5 behaviors to keep weight off

eat a low fat diet, breakfast, self monitor, physical activity plan