Biology Unit 1 Exam

What is the most important rule in the lab?

Follow all instructions given by the lab manager

Be prepared for an experiment by...

Reading protocols prior to coming to the lab

If necessary, what clothes does one have to wear in the lab?

Protective clothing such as closed-toe shoes, goggles, lab coats, etc. *Anything that covers bare skin*

Before doing any lab task...

Read all labels carefully

What happens when working with hazardous chemicals?

You work under the chemical fume hood by lab personnel

What is a chemical fume hood

A protective area meant to protect against *harmful fumes, gases, dirt and splashes*

If one has long hair...

They must tie it back

How tight do clothes have to be in the lab and why?

Clothes must not be loose or baggy to prevent getting caught on lab equipment

What to do with hot plates in the lab

Never leave them unattended; never touch the heating surface

When glassware is hot, do *not*

handle them with bare hands

Are people allowed to work alone in the laboratory and why

People (especially students) cannot work alone in the lab. This is because if one works alone in the lab and they get hurt by a chemical or glassware, no one is there to help them.

If any part of an experiment is unclear, what to do and why

Ask the teacher. If you try to do something you don't understand, you might do something wrong.

In the event of a fire:

Get out of the room immediately

In the event of broken glass or a spill:

tell the teacher. do not touch it yourself

In the event of a power failure:

sit quietly or ask the teacher for flashlights if necessary

In the event of a lockdown:

Hide in the research room

In the event of bodily harm:

Report it to the teacher and get medical assistance

Assume that all chemicals in the lab are...

Dangerous

How to carry bottles or beakers that contain chemicals/reagent

Hold them with two hands to avoid spilling or use a cart

When containers or bottles are unattended...

Close the lids tightly when not in use. Don't leave them open

When finished working with chemicals

Return them to where you found them

In case a chemical hits your eyes:

wash them in the water fountain immediately

In case of skin/clothing contact with a dangerous substance:

put the contaminated clothing away and wash the contaminated skin (usually in the shower)

In case of ingesting a chemical (consuming it):

Tell teacher for medical help.

In case of inhaling a chemical (smelling it too much):

Move to fresh air immediately and tell the teacher

What color is a health hazard on the safety symbol square, and what are each of the terms?

Blue;

4: deadly

3: extreme danger

2: hazardous

1: slightly hazardous

0: normal

What color is a specific hazard on the safety symbol square, and what are each of the terms?

White;

ACID: Acid

ALK: Alkali

COR: Corrosive

OXY: Oxidizer

☢️: Radioactive

W: Use no water

What color is a Fire hazard on the safety symbol square, and what are each of the terms?

Red;

4: burns below 73F

3: burns below 100F

2: burns above 100F, below 200F

1: burns above 200F

0: does not burn at all

What color is an instability on the safety symbol square, and what are each of the terms?

Yellow;

4: May detonate

3: Shock and heat

2: Violent

1: Unstable if heated

0: stable

What is the symbol for a flammable substance

Flame

What is the symbol for a harmful substance or irritant

X mark

What is the symbol for a corrosive

A liquid melting a hand

What is the symbol for a poisonous or toxic substance

A skull like a pirate

What is the symbol for an explosion

...an explosion (wow)

What is the symbol for a biohazard

3 circles with one circle overlapping all of them

What is the symbol for an oxidizer

A circle with a flame on it

What is the symbol for an environmental hazard

A dying fish

What is the symbol for radioactive substances?

a circle with 3 cones surrounding it

What is the symbol for laser radiation?

a circle with lines coming out of it

What is science

The state of knowing distinguished from ignorance and misunderstanding

What is Biology

Scientific study of life/the state of understanding life

list 12 units of organization in organisms

atom - molecule - cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism - population - community - ecosystem - biosphere

Taxonomy

discipline of identifying and grouping organisms; involves *naming* and *classifying* species

Systematics

Study of evolution and evolutionary relationships

How is diversity organized? what are the organization categoeries

They are organized by the fields that they are in. The categories of the fields from most to least inclusive are:

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Domain bacteria

Most diverse + widespread prokaryotes (organisms without a nucleus)

Domain archaea

prokaryotes that live in extreme environments like volcanoes and deep sea

Domain Eukarya

Most diverse + widespread eukaryotes

(organisms with a membrane bound nucleus)

characteristics, cell wall, and representative organisms of the eubacteria kingdom

CHARACTERISTICS:

- simple orgarisms lacking nuclei

（prokaryotic）

- either heterotrophs of autotrophs

- all can reproduce asexaully

- live nearly everywhere

CELL WALL:

-often present (contains peptidoglycan）

REP. ORGANISMS:

-bacteria,

-cyanobacteria

characteristics, cell wall, and representative organisms of the archebacteria kingdom

CHARACTERISTICS:

- prokaryotic

- heterotrophs

- live in salt lakes, hot springs, animal guts

CELL WALL:

-absent

REP. ORGANISMS:

-methanogens

-extreme thermophiles

-extreme halophiles

characteristics, cell wall, and representative organisms of the protista kingdom

CHARACTERISTICS:

- *most* single celled and/or prokaryotes

- some autotrophs, heterotrophs, both

- reproduce sexually + asexually

- live in aquatic + moist habitats

CELL WALL:

-absent

REP. ORGANISMS:

-algae

-protozoa

characteristics, cell wall, and representative organisms of the fungi kingdom

CHARACTERISTICS:

-most are multicellular

-all are heterotrophs

-reproduce sexually and

asexually

-most are terrestrial

CELL WALL:

-present

REP. ORGANISMS:

-mushrooms

-yeast

-bread molds

characteristics, cell wall, and representative organisms of the plantae kingdom

CHARACTERISTICS:

-all are multicellular

-all are autotrophs

-reproduce both ways

-most are terrestrial

CELL WALL:

-present

REP. ORGANISMS:

-mosses, ferns, conifers,

flowering plants

characteristics, cell wall, and representative organisms of the animalia kingdom

CHARACTERISTICS:

-all are multicellular

-all are heterotrophs

-mostly reproduces sexually

-terrestrial and aquatic

CELL WALL:

-absent

REP. ORGANISMS:

-sponges, worms, lobsters, starfish, humans

Steps of the scientific method

1. make an observation

2. ask a question

3. make a hypothesis

4. perform an experiment(s)

5. collect and analyze data

6. make conclusions

phenomena

natural event

what is a hypothesis

a possible explanation for a natural event. Informed based on other information

experiment

series of procedures

theory

broader than a hypothesis and supported by large amounts of evidence

Illumination source definition and types

Type of electromagnetic radiation used to illuminate a sample in microscopy.

1. Light microscope

2. Electron microscope

Lens

Symmetrical, optical device that can focus and bend electromagnetic radiation

What are the different types of lenses

1. Condenser - gathers electromagnetic radiation from source to specimen

2. objective(s) - gathers er from sample and focuses to detector

3. intermediate and projector - sometimes used to increase magnification

ocular lens magnification

10x

resolution

ability to distinguish two points touching each other that otherwise look like one figure.

the higher the resolution, the less the distance between points

Magnification

degree of enlargement in an image compared to the original

examples of small elements:

sand - 1 mm

pollen - 100 micrometers

red blood cell - 10 micrometers

bacteria - 1 micrometer

virus - 100 nanometers

protein - 10 nanometers

dna - 2 nanometers

c60 - 1 nanometer

atom - 0.1 nanometer

minimum distinguishable point distance to human eye

0.2 mm

magnification formula:

point on image distance

---------------------------

point on object distance

SEM

Scanning electron microscope

how do SEMs work

They scan the surface of an object of image to create a detailed black and white image. The wavelength is much smaller than visible length and the resolution is much higher than light microscopy.

biologist

expert or student in science of living organisms

scientist

expert or student in one or more of the physical scientist

difference between biologist and biological scientist

research and doing it

artificial selection

humans selectively breeding animals for their own benefit

biotechnology

exploiting biology for industrial and other purposes

goal of science vs technology

understand natural phenomena; apply scientific knowledge for a purpose

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

1. All living things maintain homeostasis

2. All living things reproduce

3. All living things respond to their environment

4. All living things can develop

5. All living things adapt

6. All living things need energy

7. All living things are organized