Plants and Humans exam 2

Photosynthesis

series of energy conversions

takes the energy of sunlight along with some other inputs and makes food

food

Chemical energy =

6 CO2 + 6H2O + SUNLIGHT > C6H12O6 + 602

What is the formula for photo synthesis

chloroplasts of the leaf cells

Where does photosynthesis occur

Chloroplasts

Two membranes that contain chlorophylls and other pigments

Granum

Stack of thylakoids (has to be multiple)

thylakoid

coin shaped, sac shaped membranes inside the chloroplast

Stroma

ground material/ fluid inside the chloroplast with enzymes

pigment

substance that produces a color due to light absorption and reflection

Chlorophyll a

primary pigment for photosynthesis

three times as much as chlorophyll b

absorbs in the red and blue areas of light spectrum

Chlorophyll b

absorbs in the red orange and blue areas of the light spectrum

Carotenoids

accessory pigments that absorb light energy and assist in photosynthesis, typically reflecting yellow, orange, or red hues. They also have protective roles in the plant.

carotenes

orange

xanthrophyll

yellow

accessory pigments

helps transfer absorbed light to chrlorphylls

Light dependent stage

Light must be present

also know as light reactions

stage of photosynthesis

Light independent stage

Calvin cycle or dark reactions

light dependent stage

water molecules are split resulting in the reaslease of oxygen

electrons reduce NADP+ to NADPH

Atp is formed

Light independent stage

happens in the storm

carbon dioxide (CO2 is fixed and reduced to form sugars

the app and NADPH from the light reactions are used

involved entry of CO2

cellular respiration

break down the chemical bonds in glucose through chemical reactions to produce cellular energy (ATP)

oxidation of glucose > -              CO2, H2O, ATP

-              C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Glycoses

first step if cellular respiration

splitting of glucose

occurs in the cytosol

glucose splits into 2 pyruvate molecules

citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle

happens in the matrix of mitochondria

release of carbon dioxide

requires oxygen

electron transport chain

happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane

oxygen must be presented

produces most of the ATP

Mitochondria

has two membranes and a matrix

high folded inner membrane

folds are known as cristae

inter membrane space

gas between the out membrane and the inner membrane

has a matrix

inner membrane area within the mitochondria, contains enzymes and is enclosed by the inner membrane

ATP

cellular energy currency

adenosine triphosphate that stores and transports chemical energy within cells.

aerobic cellular respiration

involved oxygen

it must e present

anaerobic cellular respiration

oxygen is absent

also called fermentation

perception

external environment, internal plant body

information transfer

hormones

response

action that is taken

stimulus

something that happens to cause an activity or change in behavior of an organism.

statocyst

gravity sensing cell in the room

statoliths

starch grains inside the statocyst

auxin

apical dominance, cell elongation, cell suppression, and fruit development.

cytokinin

activates cell division, dormant buds

abscisic acid

involved in stress responses

Gibberdlin

seed germination

Ethylene

fruit ripening

Step one of seed germination

the embryo takes in water and it swells

step 2 of seed germination

the embryo produced gibberellin and the gibberellin is moved to the aleurone layer where it stimulates the production of enzymes.

Step 3 of seed germination

the enzymes move into the endosperm

step 4 of seed germination

the enzymes digest the endosperm to provide nutrients for the embryo

tropic response

growth associated with a stimulus, permeant, positive toward the stimulus and native away from the stimulus. diagonal growth

Nastic response

temporary

nongfowth response

not orented to the stimulus

morphnogrnic response

changes n plant development or quality

all or non response

no response happens unless a certine threshold is met

dosage - dependent response

the dose determines the response

etiolation

difference in development when seedlings are grown dark or insufficient light, resulting in elongated stems and pale leaves.

phototropism

plants growing toward the light

gravitropism

climatic fruits, much ethylene Is involved in ripening

they can be plucked even before they are ripe

bananas

npn climacteric fruits

little to no ethylene is involved in ripening, must stay on the plant to ripen

cherries, grapes, oranges

fruit ripening

color change, taste, size changes, texture, smell

asexul reproduction

quicker,

one parent involved

no genetic diversity

sexual

slower

two parents

genetic diversity

vegetive propagation

form of asexual reproduction

involves parent plant producing runners that forms buds and roots

Nucleus

Conatins DNA

chromosomes

chromatin

DNA + Protein

Chromosomes

formed when chromatin condenses

diploid

2 complete set of chromosomes

haploid

1 complete set of chromosomes

Interphase

majority of time is spent in this phase

DNA is going to be in chromatin form

G1 S G2

G1

cell growth, enzymes, and other proteins made increase in number and size of organelles

S

synthesis phase

DNA is copied

G2

more proteins are made and final preparations before division

cellular division

division of the nucleus, mitosis or meiosis

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplsem

separate the nuclei into separate cells

phragmplast builds up across the dividing cell to form a cell plate which separates the newly formed daughter cells

Mitosis

associated with the asexul reproduction

same number of chromosomes

PMAT

Prophase

Chromatin condenses so duplicated chromosomes pairs of sister chromatids are seen

nuclear envelop and nucleus break down

the spindle which is made of microtubules beings to form

Metaphase

the duplicated chromosomes attach to the spindle and Line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

duplicated chromosomes are pulled apart

telophase

the chromosomes unravel back into chromatin and the spindle breaks down

the nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reform

meiosis

in reproductive cells

decrease the amount of DNA by Half

associated with sexual reproduction

two parts

meiosis 1

separated homologous chromosomes

Prophase 1

nuclear evelipe and nucleolus break down

spindle beins to form

chromatin condenses

homologous chromosomes

crossing over = exchange of info between chromosomes

metaphase 1

homologous chromosomes attach to the spindle and line up in the middle cell

anaphase 1

homologous chromosomes are separated and the amount of DNA decreases by half

telophase 1

the nuclear envelop and nuclei reform

spindle breaks down

and DNA unravels into chromatin

Cytokinesus 1

2 daughter cells with half the amount of DNA as the original cell

meiosis 2

separate chromatids

prophase 2

the spindle beings to form and the DNA condenses so chromatids can be seen

the nuleacer envelopes and nuclei break down

Metaphase 2

the DNA attaches to the spindle and lines up in the middle of the cells

Anaphase 2

the DNa separates and moves to opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase

DNa unravels into chromatin

the spindle breaks down and the nuclear develops and the nucliei form

cytokines 2

4 cells genetically different with half the amount of DNA began with earlier

Sporophyte

diploid plant produces haploid spores through meiosis

Gametophyte

develops from a haploid spore that went through mitosis and produces gametes

ok

1.     Sporophyte (diploid) > produces spores (haploid) = meiosis

2.     Spores (haploid) > gametophyte (haploid) = mitosis

3.     Gametophyte (haploid) > gametes (haploid) = mitosis

4.     Gametes (haploid) > zygote (diploid) = fertilization

5.     Zygote (diploid) > sporophyte (diploid) =Mitosis

say ok

double fertilization

unique to angiosperms

1 sperm fertilizing the egg and 1 sperm joins with the 2 polar nucleus to produce tripod endosperm

wheat rice and corn

population

individuals of the same species living in the same place

population genetics

study the frequency of the alleles in a population

genetic drift

random changes in the gene pool

in small populations

artificial selection

driving factor is humans

humans choose the different traits

selective breeding

natural selection

survival of the fittest

in a given environment, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

variation

member that make up a population can not have the alleles, some differences are needed

over production

more offspring are produced than can survive

completion

individuals will compete for limited resources in the environment

survival to reproduce

individuals with better adaptations to the environment are more likely to survive reproduce and pass on the adaptations or traits