psychopathology 2

physiological factors to moderate stress

hypothalamus → parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system → HPA path

psychological factors to moderate stress

1. coping style (emotion or problem based)

2. self efficacy (confidence to handle it)

3. Support system

4. optimism

5. psychological hardiness

6. culture

acute stress disorder

same symptoms as ptsd

onset - within a month and lasting a month

acute stress d/o

PTSD

person exposed to event of threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation

• increases comorbidity

Weak support system, early trauma, negative personality

treatment: end stress response

CBT

anti-depressants (prazosin)

PTSD

generalized anxiety d/o

anxious about everything, restless, irritable

onset: late childhood/early adolescence

GAD (Generalized anxiety d/o) and SAD (soical anxiety d/o)

Factors of GAD

not able to indulge in ID impulses

incongruence with self concept

always assume the worst

GABA, benzos, anti-depressants

Social Anxiety d/o

persistent irrational fears of social performance when judgement and scrutiny may occur

• broad or specific situations

• see self as less competent

Causes: dwelling, poor self esteem, social. beliefs

SAD (social anxiety d/o)

treatment: exposure

anti-depressants

SAD (social anxiety d/o)

panic d/o

repeated unexpected panic attacks w/o apparent reason, anticipate the next event and try to avoid it

onset: early adulthood

panic d/o

causes: panic circuit → norepinephrine

misinterpret physiological events

Panic d/o

treatment: anti-depressants

CBT, challenge panic sensation

education, coping skills

panic d/o

specific phobia

persistent fear of specific thing

most people have more than one, avoid treatment

agoraphobia

situations where escape is difficult

produce panic d/o

high relapse rate

causes: classical conditioning, modeling/observation

Specific phobias and agoraphobia

behavioral-evolutionary model

acquire phobias with certain things, but not others

treatment: CBT, modeling intervention, group therapy, home based

exposure based

• coping skills

• starting small (hierarchy)

• exposer

specific and agoraphobia

flooding

overwhelming with the thing they have a phobia of, room full of butterflies

OCD

symptoms feel excessive and unreasonable, cause stress

obsession: persistent thought

compulsion: repetitive rigid behaviors

causes: anal stage, high serotonin activity, brain circuit, more depressed intrusive thoughts, think they should have perfect control and high standards, blame self for terrible thoguths

OCD

treatment: exposure with response prevention, anti-depressants

OCD

anorexia

refusal to maintain over 85% of normal body weight

onset: late adolesence

anorexia

onset: young adulthood

OCD

causes: fear of obsesity, no control

distorted view of self, obsessed with food

anorexia

outcomes: low bp, low body temp, no peruiod, metabolic imbalance

traits: insomnia, anciety, depression, low self esteem, suicidal , isolation, perfectionism

anorexia

treatment: regain lost weight, medical intervention, motivational learning

hard to maintain improvement

monitor food intake, aware of internal state

anorexia

bulima

binge-purge syndrome → binges and inappropriate compensatory behaviors

causes: people please and be attractive to others, use food to cope with stress

bulima

criteria: one binge per week, guilty and try to undo

traits: only keep half of purged calories eaten, insomnia, anxiety, depression, substance abuse

bulimia

treatment: eliminate pattern, change maladaptice ness

anti depressants

more symptoms that apply the highter the relapse rate

bulimia

binge eating

binge without compensatory behaviors, eat to cope

treatment: eliminate patten, better coping skills

binge eating

causes for ED

multidimensional risk perspective

genetics, brain circut, PFC, serotonin, dysfunction in hypothalamus

biological causes for ED

disturbed mom/child relationship, ego deficiency

parent doesn’t attend to child’s needs

psychodynamic causes for ed

struggle identifying emotions

cognitive behavioral causes for ed

1. beauty standards

2. prejudice toward obesity

3. family environment

   1. enmeshed pattern in family

4. gender double standard

social causes for ed