TUTE 3 Practice Flashcards: Benedict's Urine Test & Antidiabetic Medications

A set of 50 vocabulary-style flashcards covering Benedict's urine test, gestational diabetes, diabetes insipidus, and the pharmacology of various antidiabetic drug classes.

Benedictʼs Urine Test

A chemical test used to detect the presence of glucose in urine.

Renal Threshold

The blood glucose level, approximately $160\,mg/dL$, at which the kidneys can no longer reabsorb all glucose, causing it to appear in urine.

Benedictʼs Solution

A reagent containing copper sulfate, sodium citrate, sodium carbonate, and water used to test for reducing sugars.

Copper(I) oxide ($Cu_2O$)

A brick-red precipitate formed in Benedictɹs test when $Cu^{2+}$ (blue) is reduced to $Cu^{+}$ by glucose in an alkaline solution.

Blue (Benedictɹs Test result)

The color indicating that no glucose is present in the urine sample.

Green (Benedictɹs Test result)

The color indicating a low concentration of glucose in the urine sample.

Yellow (Benedictɹs Test result)

The color indicating a moderate concentration of glucose in the urine sample.

Orange (Benedictɹs Test result)

The color indicating a high concentration of glucose in the urine sample.

Brick red (Benedictɹs Test result)

The color indicating a very high concentration of glucose in the urine sample.

False negative (Benedictɹs Test)

A result occurring when blood glucose is below the renal threshold ($160\,mg/dL$) despite the patient having high blood sugar.

False positive (Benedictɹs Test)

A result caused by substances other than glucose, such as Aspirin, Vitamin C, Nalidixic acid, or Isoniazid.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

A condition of high blood sugar that develops during pregnancy, typically in the $2nd$ or $3rd$ trimester, and usually resolves after delivery.

GDM Hormonal Pathogenesis

The process where placental hormones (estrogen, cortisol, human placental lactogen) cause insulin resistance in the mother.

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

A diagnostic test for gestational diabetes usually performed between $24$ to $28$ weeks of pregnancy.

Macrosomia

A condition where a baby is exceptionally large at birth, often a consequence of untreated gestational diabetes in the mother.

Neonatal hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar in a newborn occurring after birth because the baby had high insulin levels to compensate for the motherɹs high blood glucose.

Diabetes insipidus

A condition characterized by decreased ADH and polyuria (excessive urine production) due to decreased water reabsorption.

Desmopressin

A treatment for diabetes insipidus available as a nasal spray or tablet.

Oral hypoglycemic drugs

A class of medications whose actions include decreasing appetite, increasing insulin secretion, or increasing insulin sensitivity.

Metformin

A Biguanide drug used as the first-line treatment for Type 2 Diabetes that decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases peripheral insulin sensitivity.

Hepatic gluconeogenesis

The production of glucose by the liver, which is specifically inhibited by the drug Metformin.

Lactic acidosis

A rare but serious side effect of Metformin, primarily a risk when kidneys are weak or oxygen levels are low.

Metformin Maximum Dose

The highest recommended daily dosage for Metformin, which is $3\,g/day$.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

A condition where Metformin is used to lower insulin and androgens, thereby increasing ovulation and fertility.

Gastrointestinal (GI) side effects

Common adverse reactions to Metformin including nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal upset.

Creatinine contraindication

Metformin should not be used if serum creatinine levels exceed $150\,\mu mol/L$.

IV contrast dye precaution

The requirement to stop Metformin temporarily during procedures like CT or angiograms to prevent the risk of lactic acidosis.

Vitamin B12 deficiency

A potential nutritional consequence of long-term Metformin use.

Sulfonylureas

A class of oral antidiabetic drugs that stimulate the $\beta$-cells of the pancreas to release stored insulin.

Hypoglycemia

A common and potentially prolonged side effect of Sulfonylureas, which may require hospital treatment.

Sulfonylurea Weight Effect

A tendency for weight gain, which makes these drugs less ideal for obese patients.

Tolbutamide

A short-acting sulfonylurea that is metabolized in the liver and is useful for elderly and renal impaired patients.

Chlorpropamide

A sulfonylurea that can cause facial flushing when alcohol is consumed and increases ADH secretion.

Glibenclamide (Glyburide)

A long-acting sulfonylurea with a high risk of hypoglycemia that should be avoided in the elderly and those with renal impairment.

Gliclazide

A second-generation, intermediate-acting sulfonylurea with a maximum daily dose (DDD) of $320\,mg$.

Glipizide

A second-generation, intermediate-acting sulfonylurea that should be taken before breakfast, with a maximum daily dose of $20\,mg/day$.

Cholestatic jaundice

A liver toxicity side effect characterized by yellowing of skin and eyes that can be caused by sulfonylureas.

Sulfonylurea Alcohol Interaction

A reaction that leads to prolonged hypoglycemia when these drugs are combined with alcohol.

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

A group of drugs, including Acarbose, that reduce carbohydrate absorption in the intestine.

Acarbose

An antidiabetic drug that inhibits the breakdown of starch and disaccharides, resulting in lower post-meal blood sugar spikes.

Flatulence

A common side effect of Acarbose caused by the malabsorption of carbohydrates in the gut.

Acarbose Administration

The requirement to chew the drug with the first mouthful of food or swallow it immediately before a meal.

Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)

A class of drugs including Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone that specifically reduce peripheral insulin resistance.

Liver Function Test (LFT) monitoring

A requirement for patients on Thiazolidinediones, performed before treatment and every $2$ months during the first year.

Heart failure

A specific contraindication for the use of Thiazolidinediones, especially pioglitazone.

Meglitinides

A class of short-acting insulin secretagogues, such as Repaglinide, that are taken immediately before meals.

SGLT2 inhibitors

Drugs like Empagliflozin that lower blood glucose by blocking glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, causing sugar to be lost in urine.

DPP-4 inhibitors

Drugs like Sitagliptin that boost insulin secretion and reduce hepatic glucose production by inhibiting the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 enzyme.

Porphyria

A metabolic disorder that serves as a contraindication for the use of Sulfonylureas.

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor Age Limit

The specific recommendation that these drugs, like Acarbose, should not be used in children under $12$ years of age.