Programming languages + algorithms

Imperative programming

describes how to complete a task through instructions and changing program state. Java is an example

Declarative programming

describes what should be done instead of giving the complete control flow

program state

The values stored by a program that may change while the program runs

computer architecture

the design and structure that determines how computer components interact to execute programs

instruction set architecture (ISA)

defines the machine code that a processor reads and performs

Microarchitecture

describes how a particular processor implements its instruction set

Systems design

concerns the other hardware components and systems surrounding the CPU

algorithm

a well-defined set of instructions that ends after a finite number of steps and solves a computational problem

Algorithm correctness

whether an algorithm produces the correct solution

algorithm efficiency

how much time, space and other resources an algorithm uses

algorithm implementation

the way algorithm is written as a working program

heuristic

a strategy that gives a useful result when there may not be one objectively correct solution