Unit 1 Test Terms to Know Acc Biology

Standard Deviation

a statistical measure of how spread out or dispersed the values in a data set are relative to its average (mean)

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Protons

Subatomic particles with a positive charge found in the nucleus of an atom, contributing to its atomic number.

Neutrons

subatomic particles with no electric charge found in the nucleus of an atom, contributing to its mass.

Electrons

Subatomic particles with a negative charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, influencing chemical behavior.

Which two are found inside the nucleus? (proton, neutron, electron)

Protons and neutrons are subatomic particles located inside the nucleus of an atom, whereas electrons orbit around it.

What is the mass of an electron?

Basically zero

What is the mass of a proton and neutron?

1 EMU (atomic mass unit)

Covalent Bonds

a type of chemical bond where two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration

Polar Covalent bonds

a chemical bond where two atoms share electrons unequally due to a difference in their electronegativities

What do elements bind together to create?

Molecules

The orbital contains…

electrons

What is the outer most orbital called?

Valence shell

What is a valence electron?

an electron located on the valence shell

nonpolar covalent bond

a chemical bond that forms when two atoms share a pair of electrons equally. They have similar or the same pulling power.

polar covalent bond

a chemical bond where two atoms share electrons unequally due to a difference in their electronegativities. (attracted more to one side than the other.

Ionic bond

the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed when one or more valence electrons are completely transferred from a metal to a non-metal

intermolecular bonding

weak electrostatic attractions that occur between separate molecules

Atom

Smallest piece of an element

Element

Unique forms of matter within specific chemical and physical properties

Isotope

Variations of an element that consist of the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Three types of chemical bonds include…

Polar covalent bonds, non polar covalent bonds, ionic bonds etc.

Bond dipoles

a separation of electrical charge in a covalent bond that happens when two bonded atoms have different electronegativities

Bond dipoles point…

toward the more electromagnetic atom

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

Attraction between molecules of different substances.

Capillary action

the spontaneous movement of a liquid through a narrow space, tube, or porous material against gravity

How many characteristics of life are there

7

Caspsid

The outer protein shell of a virus that encloses and protects genetic material

prokaryote

an organism that does not have a nucleus

eukaryote

an organism that does have a nucleus containing dna

introns

part of the DNA that is not used to code proteins.

colonial

contains groups of cells but the cells function as individuals

aerobic

an organism that requires oxygen to live

anaerobic

must avoid oxygen to live

heterotroph

must get energy from another organism

autotroph

creates its own energy

taxon

the name of a group or single organism

cladistics

method of hypothesizing how one organism is related to another

What are the groupings for organisms?

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Subspecies

species

can mate and produce viable fertile offspring in the wild.

Cladogram

A graphic organizer showing the relationships between organisms

Clade

Branches of organisms found on a cladogram, species usually goes on the end.

nodes

where a clade diverges on a cladogram, representing a common ancestor

homologous

sharing a similar position, structure, or evolutionary origin, even if the current function is different

Analogous

Serve a similar purpose (such as a bird wing and an insect wing) but evolved independently without a shared ancestral origin.

phylogenetic tree

diagram that maps common ancestors and branching lineages

Phylogenetic tree vs cladogram

cladogram’s branches represent time and have hypothetical common ancestors between organisms.

Derived Characteristic

a trait that evolved in a specific lineage and differs from the form seen in an organism's ancestor

Ancestral characteristic

a trait inherited from a common ancestor of a group of organisms (clade) that has undergone little change over time