Origan et baisk Function

Insulin

Insuline. Peptide hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells -> Regulates glucose homeostasis -> Promotes cellular uptake of glucose.

Heart

Cœur. Muscular organ located in mediastinum -> Pumps blood through systemic and pulmonary circulations -> Delivers $\text{O}_2$ and nutrients to tissues. [ASSOCIATE WITH A DIAGRAM]

Pharynx

Pharynx. Muscular tube connecting oral and nasal cavities to larynx and esophagus -> Shared conduit for respiration and deglutition. [ASSOCIATE WITH A DIAGRAM]

Trachea

Trachée. Cartilaginous conduit lined by ciliated respiratory epithelium -> Conducts air from larynx to principal bronchi. [ASSOCIATE WITH A DIAGRAM]

Bronchi

Bronches. Primary airway branches arising from tracheal bifurcation (carina) -> Conduct airflow into lobar and segmental subdivisions.

Sternum

Sternum. Elongated flat bone in anterior thoracic wall -> Protects mediastinal viscera -> Articulates with clavicles and true ribs.

Ribs (Costae)

Côtes. Curved flat bones forming the thoracic cage -> Protect thoracic organs -> Assist in respiratory biomechanics.

Lungs

Poumons. Paired parenchymal respiratory organs -> Alveolar-capillary gas exchange ($\text{O}_2$ uptake and $\text{CO}_2$ clearance). [ASSOCIATE WITH A DIAGRAM]

Diaphragm

Diaphragme. Dome-shaped musculotendinous partition separating thoracic and abdominal cavities -> Primary motor muscle of inspiration.

Larynx

Larynx. Cartilaginous structure situated between pharynx and trachea -> Contains vocal cords for phonation -> Sphincteric protection against aspiration.

Esophagus

Œsophage. Muscular transport conduit extending from hypopharynx to gastric cardia via peristalsis.

Spleen

Rate. Secondary lymphoid and reticuloendothelial organ in left hypochondrium -> Filters blood -> Clears senescent erythrocytes and mounts immune responses. [ASSOCIATE WITH A PHOTO]

Upper / Lower limb

Membre supérieur / inférieur. Articulated musculoskeletal appendages adapted for prehension (upper) or locomotion/weight-bearing (lower).

Umbilicus

Ombilic. Fibrous cicatrix on anterior abdominal wall -> Marks historical site of umbilical vessel insertion.

Aorta

Aorte. Main arterial trunk arising from left ventricle -> Distributes oxygenated blood to the systemic vascular bed. [ASSOCIATE WITH A DIAGRAM]

Artery

Artère. High-pressure vascular vessel -> Transports blood away from cardiac chambers to peripheral tissues.

Common carotid artery

Artère carotide commune. Major cervical artery ascending in carotid sheath -> Bifurcates into internal and external carotid arteries to supply brain, head, and neck.

Hepatic

Hépatique. Pertaining to the liver or its vascular/biliary networks.

Laryngeal

Laryngé. Pertaining to the larynx.

Pulmonary

Pulmonaire. Pertaining to the lungs or pulmonary circulation.

Renal

Rénal. Pertaining to the kidneys or renal parenchyma.

Vertebral column (Spine)

Colonne vertébrale (Rachis). Articulated axial bony structure protecting the spinal cord -> Provides axial skeletal support.

Clavicle

Clavicule. S-shaped long bone articulating sternum to scapula -> Maintains mechanical alignment of shoulder girdle.

Rectum and Anal canal

Rectum et canal anal. Terminal segments of the large intestine -> Fecal reservoir and continence/defecation mechanism.

Small intestine (Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum)

Intestin grêle (Duodénum, Jéjunum, Iléon). Primary tubular digestive tract segment -> Enzymatic hydrolysis and macroscopic nutrient absorption.

Large intestine (Colon)

Gros intestin (Côlon). Segment extending from ileocecal valve to rectum -> Reabsorption of water and electrolytes -> Formation and storage of fecal matter.

Liver

Foie. Largest metabolic parenchymal gland -> Bile synthesis -> Carbohydrate/lipid metabolism and xenobiotic detoxification.

Gallbladder

Vésicule biliaire. Pear-shaped biliary reservoir situated beneath the right hepatic lobe -> Concentrates and stores bile until postprandial release. [ASSOCIATE WITH A DIAGRAM]

Vermiform appendix

Appendice vermiforme. Lymphoid blind-ended diverticulum arising from cecum -> Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (bacterial flora reservoir) -> Prone to acute appendicitis.

Pancreas

Pancréas. Retroperitoneal mixed gland -> Secretes digestive enzymes (exocrine) and insulin/glucagon (endocrine).