Patient Care Exam 2!

homeostasis

body’s steady state

homeostasis is monitored by ______________ __________ _________

negative feedback loops

how can we asses homeostasis?

vital signs and electrolytes

heart rate is also known as _________

pulse

pulse is counted over __________ ______

one min

normal pulse rate: ___________ to ___________ (________)

60 - 100 (bpm)

normal children pulse rate: _________ to __________ (________)

70 - 120 (bpm)

tachycardia

elevated heart rate (>100 bpm)

bradycardia

depressed heart rate (<60 bpm)

ascultation; ___________ pulse; taking a stheoscope between the _______ and ________ ribs and ___________ for the heart sound

apical; 5th and 6th; listening

we can also get a pulse through a _________ _________ and/or ___________

pulse oximeter, EKG

pulse oximeter coverts _____________ into ____________ ________ and ___________ rate values

light, oxygen saturation; pulse rate values

what is normal body temperature?

98.6 F

_________________ regulates body temperature

hypothalamus

hypothermia

body temp below 95 F

hyperthermia

body temp above 99.5 F

thermoregulation

bodys maintenance of heat production and heat loss

respiration rate

rhythmic exchange of gases through the lungs

normal respiration rate

12 - 16 breaths per min

normal children respiration rate

20 - 30 breaths per min

tachypnea

>20 breaths per min

bradypnea

<12 breaths per min

dyspnea

difficult breathing

apnea

no breath

blood pressure

lateral pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries by blood flowing through the arteries

systolic pressure

heart is squeezing; first sound; less then 120 mm Hg

diastolic pressure

heart is dilated, last sound, 80 mm Hg

normal BP range

90/60 to 120/80

hypertension: _____________ BP, can lead to ___________ ___________

elevated, heart disease

hypotension: _____________ BP, can lead to ___________

decreased, shock

oxygen is a _____________

therapy

oxygen plays a critical role in efficient _____________ ____________

cellular metabolism

oxygen is supplied as ____________% in room air

21%

oxygen is classified as a _____________

drug

oxygen is prescribed as _________ per __________

liters per minute

____________ is the universal color for oxygen

green

the nasal cannula is inserted directly into the patients nostrils and has a minimum flow rate of ________ and maximum of _________ L/min

0.5, 6

oxygen masks must be set at a minimum flow rate of ________ L/min to prevent the build up of exhaled ___________ ____________

6; carbon dioxide

a non-rebreathing mask is for _________ flow rates, and is for ________ to _________ L/min

high, 15-16 L/min

aproximately ___________ of all patients in patient care settings recieve oxygen at some level

1/3

hypoxia: ___________ _________ oxygen at the __________ level

too little, cellular

tissues that are most sensitive to hypoxia include the _____________, _________ cells, ___________ and ___________

heart, brain cells, lungs and liver

signs of hypoxia include: _____________, inability to _____________, LOC, ____________, _____________

restlessness, concentrate, fatigue, dizziness

with hypoxia there is ________________ BP, respiratory rate, and HR. the body is working ____________, so the patient may be ___________

increased, harder, SOB

for low to medium concentration of oxygen you may use a ____________ ___________ or __________ _____________

nasal cannulua or face mask

for high concentration of oxygen you may use a __________ ______________ mask

non rebreather

chest tubes are _________________ inserted through the ___________ to remove ___________ or __________

catheters, thorax, fluid or air

chest tubes are inserted into the __________ ___________

pleural space

when there is fluid in the pleural space, the lung can ____________

collapse

conditions that require a chest tube: ___________, _______________, _____________

hemothorax, pneumothorax, empyema

tracheostomy is an ____________ _____________ into the ___________

artifical opening into the trachea

tracheostomy ____________ the upper airway and breathing occurs through this passage

bypasses

the upper airway ___________, ___________, and ___________ the air. so with a tracheostomy, air must be suctioned to remove the ____________ from tube

warms, cleans, and moistens, mucous

_________ bag allows to ____________ via the trach

ambu, ventilate

decannulation is the ___________ of the __________

removal of the cannula

ECG is the graphical recording of the ___________ ___________ of the ____________

electrical activity of the heart

each of the specific placements is called a __________

lead

P wave

depolarization of atria

QRS complex

depolarization of the ventricles

T wave

repolarization of the ventricles

normal sinus rythmn

60-100 bpm

sinus bradycardia

<60bpm

sinus tachycardia

>100 but <150 bpm

sinus arrhythmia

60-100 bpm but irregular rythmn

pre-ventricular contraction is _________, __________ heartbeats begin in the ____________

extra, abnormal, ventricles

atrial fibrillation

irregular rapid atrial depolarization

ventricular fibrillation

complete disruption of normal heart beat

esophagus, stomach, upper small intestine (duodenum)

upper GI

small intestine, ileum, large intestine (colon, rectum)

lower GI

NG is inserted through the _________, down the __________ and into the _________

nose, esophagus, stomach

NG tubes ___________ fluid and gas, ____________ mechanism, __________ ____________

remove, feeding, prevent pressure

dubhoff tube is ___________ and used for __________ and _____________

temporary, feeding and medications

peg tube is more _____________ and inserted into the _____________ and used for ____________ and ______________

permanent, stomach, feeding and medications

ostomies

artifical opening for elimination of body waste

stoma

surgical opening made in abdominal wall

disease: any ____________ from the ____________ ______________/_____________ of any part of the body

deviation from the normal structure/function

disease is caused by _____________

microorganisms

infection: ________________ of a _______________ on or in a __________

establishment of a microorganism on or in a host

infections are caused by ____________ _____________

pathogenic organisms

pathogens have three functions: ___________, ________ __________, secrete ______________

multiple, tissue damage, secrete endotoxins

types of pathogens:

bacteria, fungi, viruses

single celled, prokaryotes, DNA and RNA

bacteria

example of bacteria

MRSA, sepsis

single celled, cannot live outside of cell, DNA OR RNA, not affected by antibiotics

virus

common viruses

common cold, flu, covid-19, HIV/AIDS

eukaryotic, larger, yeast and molds

fungi

common fungi

candidiasis, ringworm, athletes foot

eukaryotic, large, neither plant nor animal

parasitic protozoa

establishment of disease process (EESMDO)

ecounter, entry, spread, multiplication, damage, outcome

ingestion of pathogens from contaminated food or water

oral

transmission through living organisms

vector

transmission through inaminate objects

fomite

blood borne pathogens

disease causing microorganisms present in blood

example of blood borne pathogen

HIV and HBV

HIV infects immune system and ___________ cells, responsible for AIDS

TD4

HIV symptoms

weight loss, muscle pain, night sweats

HIV symtpoms can remain __________

latent

HBV affects the __________

liver

symptoms of HBV

weakness fartigue, anorexia, nasuea, fever

HBV blood test positive after _______ to __________ weeks, pateitns can reocver after 6-8 weeks, but blood test will always show they were exposed

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