Psych Exam Three

infinite generativity

the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.

Phonemes

basic units of sound in a language

Phonology

governs phonemes, including these phonemes and the rules for combining them.

Morphemes

the smallest language units that have meaning

Morphology

rules morphemes, and includes rules governing the formation of meaningful words from sounds.

Semantics

rules that govern meanings expressed in words and sentences.

Babies first coo is usually at about…

1 to 2 months

Babbling appears at what age?

2 to 3 months

At what age are gestures picked up?

8 to 12 months

When are a Childs first words typically?

10 to 14 months

When do children show that they understand words?

8 to 12 months

Holophrases

one word utterances that stand for a whole phrase

Vocabulary Spurt

is the rapid increase in vocabulary around 18 months

When is a child’s first sentence (two word utterances) typically?

18 to 24 months

Telegraphic Speech

–  the use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, etc.

Overextension

the tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word’s meaning.

Underextension

the tendency to apply a word too narrowly.

Referential Style

primarily use language to label objects, usually seen in American kids.

Expressive Style

primarily using language to express feelings or needs, and these kids have a larger vocabulary when it comes to emotional states.

Syntax

the ways words and phrases are combined to make sentences

Pragmatics

the social aspects of speech. It’s not the content of the speech, but how it’s delivered.

__________ suggests that private speech helps children’s thinking, and helps them control behavior, solve problems, and reflect. It is like a stream of consciousness that they later internalize

Vygotsky

________ says private speech reflects egocentrism, in which children are unaware that their speech could have an effect on other people.

Piaget

Metalinguistic Awareness

understanding of one’s own use of language

Metalinguistic awareness can help when…

information is fuzzy or incomplete

Learning Theory Approach

kids repeat what they have heard and are rewarded

Shaping

children rewarded for sounds that approximate speech

Nativist

genetically determined, innate mechanism that directs language development

___________ argued that children will never acquire the tools needed for processing an infinite number of sentences if the language acquisition mechanism was dependent on language input alone.

Linguist Noam Chomsky

Noam Chomsky proposed the theory of ______________.

Universal Grammar

Universal Grammar

all world’s language share a similar underlying structure (noun category/ verb category) help language dev. in children and language processing in adults.

Noam Chomsky believed that we are born with a _____

language acquisition device (LAD)

Language Acquisition Device

neural system of brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language

Has a location for the LAD been determined?

NO

Interactionist Approach

language produced through interaction of innate biological predispositions and environmental influences

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

language shapes or may determine the way people of a given culture perceive and understand the world

Recasting

rephrasing something child said in order to keep communication going

Expanding

restating; linguistically sophisticated form of what child said

___________ (1958) claimed that much of a child’s early vocabulary is motivated by this adult pressure to identify words associated w/ objects. ​

Roger Brown

Cognitive advantages of bilingualism

Better at attention switching tasks.

Better working memory skills.

Delayed cognitive decline.

More cognitive flexibility

Bilingual Education

students initially taught in native language, while at same time learning English

Immersion Method

all subjects only taught in English