Care of Mother, Child, Adolescent (Well-Client): Pediatric Nursing

Study flashcards covering core concepts of pediatric nursing, foundational developmental theories (Erikson and Piaget), age-specific nursing interventions, and normal newborn head-to-toe assessment findings.

What is pediatric nursing?

A specialized field focused on the healthcare of infants, children, and adolescents.

What are the four primary objectives of pediatric nursing?

Promote optimal growth and development, prevent illness and injury, restore health during illness, and support families in child care.

What are the recognized roles of a pediatric nurse?

Caregiver, Educator, Advocate, Counselor, Collaborator, and Researcher.

What does the cephalocaudal principle of growth and development state?

Development progresses from head to toe, meaning infants gain head and neck control before sitting or walking.

What does the proximodistal principle of growth and development state?

Development proceeds from the center of the body outward, meaning children develop core and arm control before fine motor skills such as the pincer grasp.

What is the psychosocial crisis during infancy according to Erik Erikson?

Trust vs. Mistrust, which focuses on building security and trust in caregivers.

What is the psychosocial stage for toddlers according to Erikson?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, which focuses on developing independence and control.

What is the psychosocial stage for preschool-aged children according to Erikson?

Initiative vs. Guilt, where children explore the environment and initiate activities.

What is the psychosocial stage for school-age children according to Erikson?

Industry vs. Inferiority, where children develop competence through learning and completing tasks.

What is the psychosocial stage for adolescents according to Erikson?

Identity vs. Role Confusion, where adolescents explore personal identity and independence.

What defines Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage ($0\text{--}2\,\text{years}$)?

Children learn and make sense of the world through sensory input and motor actions.

What cognitive characteristics define Piaget's preoperational stage ($2\text{--}7\,\text{years}$)?

Children develop symbolic thought and language, though their thinking is often egocentric.

What cognitive abilities are acquired during Piaget's concrete operational stage ($7\text{--}11\,\text{years}$)?

Children develop logical thinking about concrete situations and understand others' perspectives more effectively.

What cognitive milestone marks Piaget's formal operational stage ($12\,\text{years and older}$)?

Development of abstract thought and deductive reasoning.

What nursing interventions are recommended for hospitalized infants?

Promote secure attachment and comfort during separation by using consistent caregivers and soothing touch.

What nursing interventions should be used for toddlers to support autonomy?

Offer limited, simple choices, and address fears of bodily injury and loss of control.

What specific considerations should pediatric nurses address for preschoolers?

Use play and medical play to explain procedures, and address magical thinking along with the possibility that they view illness as punishment.

What nursing approaches are appropriate for school-age children?

Encourage participation in care and decisions to build competence, and address modesty, school concerns, and possible peer isolation.

What priorities should guide nursing care for adolescents?

Prioritize privacy, peer relationships, and body image, and involve them directly in health decisions and care planning.

When should a systematic head-to-toe newborn physical assessment generally be performed, and what are its purposes?

Within the first $24\,\text{hours}$ after birth to establish baseline health, assess gestational age, and identify possible congenital abnormalities or urgent needs.

What is the normal axillary temperature range for a newborn?

$36.5\text{--}37.5\,^∘\text{C}$ ($97.7\text{--}99.5\,^∘\text{F}$).

What is the normal resting heart rate for a newborn, and how high may it rise during crying?

$120\text{--}160\,\text{beats per minute}$ at rest, and it may rise above $180\,\text{beats per minute}$ while crying.

What is the normal newborn respiratory rate, and why must it be counted for a full minute?

$30\text{--}60\,\text{breaths per minute}$; it must be counted for a full minute because newborn breathing may be irregular.

What is the common normal birth weight range for a newborn?

$2.5\text{--}4.0\,\text{kg}$.

What is acrocyanosis in a newborn?

A bluish discoloration of the hands and feet that may occur during the first hours after birth.

What is vernix caseosa?

A white, creamy substance covering the skin, which is often more noticeable in preterm infants.

What is lanugo?

Fine, downy hair commonly seen on the back and shoulders of a newborn.

Why is jaundice observed in the first $24\,\text{hours}$ of life clinically significant?

Jaundice in the first $24\,\text{hours}$ is concerning and requires prompt medical evaluation.

What are the shapes and normal resting characteristics of newborn fontanelles?

The anterior fontanelle is diamond-shaped and the posterior fontanelle is triangular; both should be soft and generally flat when the infant is calm.

How do caput succedaneum and cephalohematoma differ regarding cranial suture lines?

Caput succedaneum crosses suture lines, whereas cephalohematoma does not.

What congenital concern is associated with low-set ears in a newborn?

Low-set ears may be associated with certain congenital or genetic conditions.

What assessments are performed on a newborn's mouth during the physical exam?

Inspection and palpation of the hard and soft palate for clefting, as well as assessment of the rooting and sucking reflexes.