Bacteria surface associated and secreted virulence factors

Only ________ bacteria have virulence factors

pathogenic

Surface associated bacteria virulence factors aid bacteria in avoiding what?

innate and adaptive defenses

What antiphagocytic factors to bacteria have

• capsules

• M protein of strep

• Protein A staph

________ is induced by stress

capsule synthesis

What adherence and colonization factors do bacteria have

• M protein

• mycoplasmatacae

• pili

Mycoplasma species adhere animal cell surface by the specialized attachment organelle on the cell wall what is it called?

mycoplasmatacae

In order to be successful in infecting organisms bacteria have adapted in order to bypass and colonize these respective tissues what are they?

• skin

• mucous membrane

• meniges

The mucous membranes are preferentially infected with what type of bacteria?

facultative intracellular bacteria

Another way bacteria avoid host detection is through _______________ what are the 2 types of bacteria that partake in this method

• intracellular parasitism

• facultative intracellular bacteria

• obligate intracellular bacteria

How do obligate intracellular bacteria avoid immune reactions within their site of propagation:

• cytosol

• phagosome

• phagolysosome

• membrane lysis

• inhibition of acidification and lysosomal fusion

• resistance to lysosomal digestion

What obligate intracellular bacteria propagate in the cytosol

Rickettsia

What facultative intracellular bacteria propagate in the cytosol

listeria monocytogenes

What obligate intracellular bacteria propagate in the phagosome

• Ehrilichia

• Anaplasma

• Neorickettsia

• Chlamydia

what facultative intracellular bacteria propagate in the phagosome

• brucella

• salmonella

• mycobacterium

What obligate intracellular bacteria propagate propagate in the phagolysosome

Coxiella

what facultative intracellular bacteria propagate propagate in the phagolysosome

Yersinia pestis

How do pathogenic bacteria avoid animal immune defense/clearance?

• intracellular parasitism

• genotypic variation

• phenotypic variation

Genotypic variation implies __________ of already present antigens

recombination

What bacteria participate in genotypic variation in order to avoid host immune system

• borrelia

• bovis

Moraxella bovis participates in genotypic variation through its _________

pilin variation

phenotypic variation implies the ability to choose when to ___________ a specific surface antigen (turn on and off)

express

As soon as ________ cross the _______ they interact with __________ to release proinflammatory cytokines

• endotoxins

• epithelial barrier

• macrophages

In small quantities ____ can be immunostimulatory and beneficial

endotoxins

what other systems can LPS activate

• complement system

• mast cells

• hageman factor

Exotoxins have to cellular sites of action what are they?

• outside the cell

• within the cell

What are the two modes of action for exotoxins

• kill cells

• dysregulate cells

What are the 5 types of exotoxins

• hemolysin

• leukotoxin

• protein synthesis inhibitor

• enterotoxin

• neurotoxin

Which of the 5 exotoxins act from outside the cell and kill cells

• hemolysin

• leukotoxin

Which of the 5 exotoxins acts from inside the cell and kills cells

protein synthesis inhibitor

Which of the 5 exotoxins acts from inside the cell and only dysregulates the cell

• enterotoxin

• neurotoxin

exotoxins that act within the cell have an _______ structure in which the ____ part will deliver the toxin into the cell

• AB

• B

Hemolysins ________ erythrocytes and _________ cells

• lyse

• phagocytic

What bacteria hemolysins alpha, gamma, and delta toxin produce a complete zone of hemolysis on blood agar

S. aureus

S.aureus hemolysins _______ toxin degrades the sphingomyelin of the erythrocyte membrane

beta

_________ is a bacteria hemolysin that works best in oxygen poor environments and binds to _________

• Streptolysin O

• cholesterol

Leukotoxins are similar to hemolysin but specifically only target _________

phagocytic cells

what bacteria leukotoxin is active against neutrophils and macrophages

S. aureus

_______ of Corynebacterium is a protein synthesis inhibitors through inhibition of ____________

• diphtheria toxins

• elongation factors

_____ of pseudomonas is a protein synthesis inhibitors through a similar mode of inhibition as ________

• exotoxin A

• diphtheria toxin

____________ of salmonella and shigella is a protein synthesis inhibitors through inactivation of ____________

• cytotoxins

• 60s ribosomal subunits

Enterotoxins generally cause ________

watery diarrhea

What enterotoxin causes diarrhea thorough activation of cAMP

cholerae

What enterotoxin causes diarrhea thorough activation of cAMP but is sensitive to heat

heat labile E.coli(LT)

What enterotoxin causes diarrhea thorough activation of cGMP and is heat resistant

heat stableE.coli(ST)

Neurotoxins generally cause _________

paralysis

Botulism neurotoxin causes ________ paralysis

flacid

tetanus neurotoxin causes __________ paralysis

stiff

Botulism causes flaccid paralysis through inhibition of __________ which is a ________ neurotransmitter

• acetylcholine

• stimulatory

Tetanus causes stiff paralysis because it inhibits ________ which is a _______________ neurotransmitter

• glycine

• inhibitory

Tetanus toxin tends to target the ________ while botulism targets the _________

• CNS

• LMN

What is the only bacteria type that can produce an endotoxin

gram negative bacteria

between exotoxin and endotoxin which are able to resist inactivation procedure

endotoxin

between exotoxin and endotoxin which has a greater potency

extotoxin

Endotoxins are __________ neutralized by antibodies while exotoxins are ________ neutralized

• partially

• completely

How do the listed bacterial extracellular enzymes aid in the disease process

• hyaluronidase

• lipase

• calmodulin

• spreads bacteria through connective tissue

• lyse animal cells

• stops ciliary movements

________ compete with other cells for iron essentially making them weaker

siderophores

Superantigens are powerful antigens that non-specifically activate _______ which causes severe ___________

• T cells

• inflammation

The type 3 secretion system evolved from _______ while the type 4 secretion system evolved from _______

• flagella

• sex pili

Type III or Type IV secretion system  secretes bacterial molecules directly into animal cell ________ to manipulate animal cells to colonize effectively and/or cause damage on animal cells.

cytoplasm