equine parasites

What is the common name of Gasterophilus intestinalis?

Horse bot

What are the phylum/class and location of horse bot?

Phylum/class- Arthropoda, insect; Location- skin ( eggs), stomach ( 3rd instar)

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for horse bot?

Clinical signs- nothing to anorexia and colic ( fall and spring); Diagnosis- Necropsy, ulcers seen in mouth, fly troubles in the fall

What is the treatment for Gasterophilus intestinalis, and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- Ivermectin, wash legs or use bot knife; Zoonotic- no

What is the life cycle of Gasterophilus intestinalis?

Life cycle- flies lay eggs on horse hair, horses lick eggs or eggs hatch on their own and burrow into the tongue or gingiva. mature in 3-6 weeks. larvae migrate to stomach and overwinter as 3rd. instars; bots are passed in feces, where they pupate and emerge as adults 3-10 weeks later

What is the common name of Gasterophilus nasalis?

chin/throat bot

What are the phylum/class and location of chin/throat bot ?

Phylum/class- Arthropoda, insect; Location- eggs- neck area. Belly flank, L1 oral cavity, L2 and 3- pyloric region of stomach and duodenum.

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for chin/throat bot?

Clinical signs- periodontitis, stomatitis, gingivitis, pain while eating, excessive salivation, reluctant to eat; Diagnosis- Necropsy, ulcers seen in mouth, fly troubles in the fall

What is the treatment for chin/throat bot , and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- Ivermectin, Moxidectin, bot knife; Zoonotic- no

What is the life cycle of chin/throat bot ?

Life cycle- Adult female flies lay eggs attached to the hairs around the throat. They hatch spontaneously; L1 crawl along the skin into the mouth and penetrate periodontal tissue/ hums spend 3-4 weeks in oral cavity. L2 and L3 instars migrate to the pyloric region of the stomach and Duodenum they overwinter for 8-10 months

What is the common name of Gasterophilus hemoohoidalis?

nose bot

What are the phylum/class and location of nose bot?

Phylum/class- Arthropoda, insect; Location- Eggs- muzzle, lips, and cheeks, L1- oral mucosa and deep tissues of tongue L2 and 3- fundus/duodenmu initally then to rectum.

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for nose bot?

Clinical signs- drooling, dysphagia, oral lesions, stomatitis.; Diagnosis- Necropsy, ulcers seen in mouth, fly troubles in the fall

What is the treatment for nose bot, and is it zoonotic

Treatment- Ivermectin, Moxidectin trim lip region short; Zoonotic- no

What is the life cycle of nose bot?

Life cycle- Female flies lay eggs on the short hairs of the lips, muzzle, and cheeks. Eggs hatch spontaneously within 2-4 days L1 crawl into oral cavity and burrow into the MM or the lips/ cheeks and migrate to into the sublingual tissue and tongue, spending 3-4 weeks developing. L2 molt to L3 instars migrate to the gastric fundus and upper duodenum.

What is the common name of Habronema spp.?

Summer sores, bursati, Granular dermatitis

What are the phylum/class and location of summer sores.?

Phylum/class- Nemathelminthes, nematode; Location- skin or stomach

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for summer sores.?

Clinical signs- minimal. if severe- obstruct GI flow; itchy, hemorrhagic wounds with chronic drainage; Diagnosis- post mortem, Cutaneous- Biopsy- eosinophilic granuloma W/ caseous granules

What is the treatment for Habronema spp., and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- ivermectin. Skin will often clear up once weather is colder; Zoonotic- no

What is the life cycle of summer sores.?

Life cycle- Horses pass eggs that hatch into larvae; maggots or 2 species of flies eat the larvae ( IH), nematodes develop in the fly, then travel out to the proboscis, deposited on the lips, nostrils, or wounds of the horse. 2 forms gastric and Cutaneous form

What is the common name of Strongyloides westeri?

Equine threadworm

What are the phylum/class and location of equine threadworm?

Phylum/class- Nemathelminthes, Nematode; Location- small intestine

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for Strongyloides westeri?

Clinical signs- rarely affects horses older than 6 months old. Acute diarrhea as young as 9 days of age in foals, usually self-limiting, weight loss or poor growth, dehydration, reduced appetite, irritation of the skin where larvae penetrate; Diagnosis- Larvae seen in mother’s milk (not in colostrum), Embryonated eggs in fresh foal feces. Mares don’t pass eggs

What is the treatment for equine threadworm, and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- Ivermectin, Fenbendazole; Zoonotic- no

What is the life cycle of Strongyloides westeri?

Life cycle- L3 infective larvae penetrate the skin then tracheal migration occurs and they end up in the small intestine; L3 infective larvae are passed through milk, then mucosal migration occurs; L3 infective larvae are eaten; then mucosal migration occurs. PPP 10-14 days

What is the common name of Parascaris equorum?

equine Acarida or roundworm

What are the phylum/class and location of equine Acarida (roundworm)?

Phylum/class- Nemathelminthes, Nematoda; Location- SI

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for equine Acarida ( roundworm)?

Clinical signs- respiratory signs- in young foals before patent period- coughing, pneumonia, pyrexia, nasal discharge, intestinal signs- colic, dull haircoat, undersized; Diagnosis- ID eggs in fecal float

What is the treatment for Parascaris equorum, and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- Benzimidazoles, pyrantel pamoate, ivermectin, don't use Moxidectin in foals under 4 months old; Zoonotic- no

What is the life cycle of equine Acarida ( roundworm) ?

Life cycle- eggs are passed in feces and consumed; tracheal migration occurs; larvae are coughed and swallowed, Larvae mature into adults in SI and produce eggs; no transmammary or transplacental infections in horses

What pathology is associated with equine Acarida ( roundoworm)?

Pathogenesis- Migrating larvae can damage the lungs & liver, Large infection can cause perforation of the stomach.

What is the common name of Strongylus vulgaris?

blood worm

What are the phylum/class and location of blood worm?

Phylum/class- Nemathelminthes, Nematoda; Location- cecum and colon mainly

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for blood worm?

Clinical signs- colic, diarrhea, exercise intolerance, thromboembolic colic, rear limb lameness/weakness, kidney failure, death; Diagnosis- Fecal float with strongyle-type eggs, Baermann to DI larvae, Necropsy

What is the treatment for bloodworm, and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- Ivermectin; Zoonotic- no

What is the life cycle of a bloodworm?

Life cycle- ingested infective L3 penetrate the SI wall, molt to an L3, penetrate the arteriole, and migrate to the cranial mesenteric artery. Migrate to the submucosa of the cecum and colon. Pass strongyle-type eggs.

What is the common name of Strongylus edentates?

• large strongyle blood worm

What are the phylum/class and location of large strongyle blood worm?

Phylum/class- Nemathelminthes, Nematoda; Location- Adults live in the large intestine, especially the cecum and colon. Larvae migrate through the liver and abdominal tissues.

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for large strongyle blood worm?

Clinical signs- weight loss, diarrhea, reduced appetite, colic, abdominal upset; Diagnosis- fecal float or egg count

What is the treatment for large strongyle bloodworm , and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- moxidectin, ivermectin; Zoonotic- no

What is the life cycle of large strongyle bloodworm?

Life cycle- eggs pass in horses feces, they hatch and larvae develop into L3, the horse ingests L3 while eating. Larvae penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate through the liver and abdominal tissues they return to the large intestine mature into adults.

What are the phylum/class and location of Strongylus equinus?

Phylum/class- Nemathelminthes, Nematoda; Location- Adults live in the cecum and colon. Larvae migrate through the intestinal wall, abdominal cavity, liver, and pancreas.

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for Strongylus equinus?

Clinical signs- weight loss, reduced appetite, diarrhea, colic; Diagnosis- fecal float Baermann.

What is the treatment for Strongylus equinus, and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- Ivermectin, moxidectin fenbendazole; Zoonotic- no

What is the life cycle of Strongylus equinus?

Life cycle- horse ingest L3 larvae while eating. Larvae penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate through the abdominal cavity to the liver. They migrate through the pancreas and reach the cecal region. Larvae enter the intestinal lumen, mature into adults.

What is the common name of Cyathostome spp.?

*small strongyles

What are the phylum/class and location of small strongyle?

Phylum/class- Nemathelinthes, Nematoda; Location- SI, LI and cecum

What is the treatment for small strongyle, and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- Avermectins manage pastures; Zoonotic- no

What is the life cycle of small strongyles.?

Life cycle- strongyle- type egg is passed in feces, L3 infective larvae is ingested then become adults within 2-3 weeks, begin passing eggs within 42 days, PPP- 35-42 days. Hypodiosis occurs with these larvae for up to 3 yrs

What is the common name of Anoplocephala perfoliate?

medium horse tapeworm

What are the phylum/class and location of medium horse tapeworm?

Phylum/class- Platyhelminthes cestode; Location- SI, cecum, colon

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for medium horse tapeworm?

Clinical signs- none to death, dependent on parasite load; Diagnosis- fecal float, necropsy.

What is the treatment for medium horse tapeworm, and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- any medication containing praziquantel; Zoonotic- no

What is the life cycle of medium horse tapeworm?

Life cycle- Proglottids passed in feces, orbatid mite ingests the eggs ( IH), tapeworm develops inside the IH for 2-4 months, orbatid mite is ingested by the horse, PPP 6-10 weeks

What is the common name of Anoplocephala magna?

large equine tapeworm

What are the phylum/class and location of large equine tapeworm?

Phylum/class- Platyhelminthes, Cestode; Location- small intestine

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for large equine tapeworm?

Clinical signs- none to death dependent on parasite load; Diagnosis- fecal float, necropsy.

What is the treatment for large equine tapeworm, and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- any medication containing Praziquantel; Zoonotic- no

What is the life cycle of large equine tapeworm?

Life cycle- Proglottids passed in feces, orbatid mite ingests the eggs ( IH), tapeworm develops inside the IH for 2-4 months, orbatid mite is ingested by the horse, PPP 6-10 weeks

What is the common name of Paranoplocephala mamillana?

Dwarf horse tapeworm

What are the phylum/class and location of dwarf horse tapeworm?

Phylum/class- Platyhelminthes, Cestode; Location- small intestine

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for dwarf horse tapeworm?

Clinical signs- no signs to death

What is the treatment for dwarf horse tapeworm, and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- any medication containing praziquantel; Zoonotic- no

What is the life cycle of dwarf horse tapeworm?

Life cycle- they produce eggs in the small intestine; eggs leave in feces, oribatid mites ingest the feces, the parasites develops into infective cysticercoid larva, a horse ingests the infected mite while grazing, infecting it.

What is the common name of Oxyuris equi?

pinworms, Oxyurids

What are the phylum/class and location of pinworms?

Phylum/class- Nemathelminthes, Nematoda; Location- Cecum, colon, rectum/anus Affect- equines

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for Oxyuris equi?

Clinical signs- Rat tail, off feed, restless, sometimes no signs; Diagnosis- Clinical signs, cellophane tape test, can see eggs under microscope

What is the treatment for Oxyuris equi, and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- Ivermectin, pyrantel; Zoonotic- no

What is the life cycle of Oxyuris equi?

Life cycle- Horse eats the egg that is on the ground or in food/water. Mucosal Migration of the larvae; adult female worm migrates to the anus and lays eggs on perianal skin. Eggs are infective 3-5 days after being passed.

what is the PPP for Oxyuris equi?

PPP- 4-5 months

What is the common name of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi?

equine lungworm

What are the phylum/class and location of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi?

Phylum/class- Nemathelminthes, Nematoda; Location- bronchi

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for Dictyocaulus arnfieldi?

Clinical signs- signs seen before patent period, increased RR, nasal discharge, coughing; Diagnosis- eggs or larvae in feces, donkeys transtracheal wash

What is the treatment for Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- donkey- Erythromycin, Horses- Ivermectin; don’t graze horses and donkeys together

What is the life cycle of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi?

Life cycle- eggs laid by the adult female, Eggs coughed up and swallowed, passed in feces, hatched L3 larvae are ingested from grass, Migration occurs to the lungs via the lymph system and blood.

What pathology is associated with Dictyocaulus arnfieldi?

Pathogenesis- not pathogenic in donkeys, pathogenic in horses and zebras.

What does Dictyocaulus arnfieldi affect?

Horses, Zebras, and most common in donkeys in the US

What is the common name of Babesia spp.?

equine piroplasmosis

What are the phylum/class and location of Babesia spp.?

Phylum/class- Protozoa; Location- lymphocytes and RBCs

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for Babesia spp.?

Clinical signs- None, Icterus, pale MM, death; Diagnosis- Clinical signs, Hx of tick exposure, location of horse. Piroplasm seen with the RBCs or lymphocytes.

What is the treatment for Babesia spp., and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- none all horses mut be tested before entering the US; once a carrier, always a carrier

What is the life cycle of Babesia spp.?

Life cycle- involved a tick as an IH, Dermacentor nitens most well known.

What does Babesia spp. affect?

Horses, donkeys, Zebras, Endemic in Florida and the Caribbean.

What is the common name of Onchocerca spp.?

Ligament worm

What are the phylum/class and location of Onchocerca spp.?

Phylum/class- Nemathelminthes, Nematoda; Location- connective tissue

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for Onchocerca spp.?

Clinical signs- Dermatitis, open sores, Pruritus, Blindness, Lameness, swelling of nuchal ligament; Diagnosis- Macerate a piece of skin or biopsy

What is the treatment for Onchocerca spp., and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- Ivermectin only kills larvae

What is the life cycle of Onchocerca spp.?

Life cycle- Culicoides ( mosquito) the IH pick up microfilariae from the connective tissue. Microfilariae develop within Culicoides, Culicoides bites another horse and it migrates to the connective tissue; adult lives in nodules in the ligaments/tendons

What does Onchocerca spp. affect?

horses, mules, donkeys

What is the common name of Sarcocystis neurona?

EPM

What are the phylum/class and location of Sarcocystis neurona?

Phylum/class- protozoa; Location- brain of horse affects horses

What are the clinical signs and diagnosis for Sarcocystis neurona?

Clinical signs- Ataxia, vestibular disease, Dysphagia, asymmetric gait abnormalities, lameness; Diagnosis- Hx of opossum exposure, rule out all other possibilities, western blot of CSF.

What is the treatment for Sarcocystis neurona, and is it zoonotic?

Treatment- Ponazuril- crosses blood-brain barrier

What is the life cycle of Sarcocystis neurona?

Life cycle- infected opossum, defecates sporulated oocysts, IH eats the oocysts which then encyst in the tissue, an uninfected opossum eats the infected tissue, Horses can be IH’s but not normally so the protozoan goes to abnormal places like the brain

What pathology is associated with Sarcocystis neurona?

Pathology- Schizonts form in the brain and cause CNS problems