Block 4 stuff

infection

A disorder that occurs when microorganisms invade the body and multiply (bacteria

disease

Any impairment of an animal's normal physiological functions that disrupts or modifies its ability to function; not always caused by microbes

capsid

Protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid

nucleocapsid

Capsid plus the genome; used to describe helical nucleocapsids of enveloped viruses

envelope

Lipid bilayer that encloses the viral capsid or nucleocapsid; viral glycoproteins/spikes are inserted in the envelope

virion

A complete infectious virus particle

tegument

Unstructured layer of proteins found between the envelope and capsid of herpesviruses

spike (glycoprotein)

Usually trimeric glycoproteins inserted in the envelope that bind to cell surface receptors to mediate virus attachment and entry

virus-like particle

Resemble viruses but contain no genome

pseudotyped virus

Virus particle containing glycoproteins from a different virus

viral strain/isolate

A genetic variant below the species level

viral serotype

Based on the presence of a unique surface antigen recognized by an antibody or serum

viral serogroup

Viruses of different serotypes that can be grouped based on a shared surface antigen

viral pathotype/biotype

Classification based on disease or pathological outcome

heterophil (avian)

canine neutrophil

feline neutrophil

equine neutrophil

bovine neutrophil

band neutrophil

eosinophil

basophil

mast cell

monocyte

macrophage

dendritic cells

natural killer (NK cell)

if you see this on a blood agar, what does it mean?

partial hemolysis of RBCs

if you see this on a blood agar, what does it mean?

complete hemolysis of RBCs (yellow=none present)

if you see this on a blood agar, what does it mean?

no hemolysis- this is how it would look on a regular agar

antigen

a molecule that can be recognized by a T or B lymphocyte receptor

immunogen

is an antigen that does elicit an immune receptors

epitope

the part of an antigen that is bound by the lymphocyte receptor

Xenobiotic

a "foreign" compound which may be a drug or environmentally distributed chemical

Detoxification

decreased activity following metabolism or biotransformation (note that metabolism does not always result in decreased activity)

Biotransformation

the chemical transformation of xenobiotics.

mild clinical mastitis

alterations in milk

moderate clinical mastitis

alterations in the milk and sings of local inflammation

severe clinical mastitis

alterations in milk, signs of local inflammation, and a sick cow (systemic signs)

subclinical mastitis

inflammatory response not reflected visually

petechial

adjectival form of petechia meaning a minute red spot due to the escape of a small amount of blood

ecchymotic

a small focus of hemorrhage, larger than a petechia, in the skin or mucous membrane

hyperemic

excess amount of blood in a body part

agammaglobulinemic

a severe condition in which there are very low numbers of gamma globulins in the blood, which makes the patient more susceptible to infectious diseases.

which of the following is NOT true about fungal cell walls?

The fungal cell wall is rigid

The fungal cell wall helps determine fungal shape

The fungal cell wall is made up primarily of proteins

The fungal cell wall contains chitin, a molecule not found in birds or mammals

The fungal cell wall is made up primarily of proteins

which of the following is the target of the majority of antifungal drugs in use today?

Chitin

Ergosterol

Pseudohypha

Spherule

Ergosterol