History 136 Exam 1 Keywords

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and historical concepts for History 136 Exam 1.

Folk games

Spontaneity, absence of formal rules or organization, quaker influence on sports

Lacrosse

Based on a game played by native americans play with a ball and sticks equipped with a net, "Little brother of war"; played by the original americans, hundreds of players running for miles

Gambling

Throwing dice, horse racing, card games; about materialism and wealth

Taverns

Places where food and drink for travelers were plenty, places for socializing and playing games; old aspect of american life

Horse racing

Before you could bet on any sport, bet on this to cross the finish line

Rough and tumble

Wrestling/fist fighting/ eye gouging, brutalizing other parts of opponents body by scratching, kicking, and more; Popular activity among white men; way to make money

Pedestrianism

Race of walking for long hours at a time to see who could complete the most laps

Rowing

New York, Boston, Savannah all have access to bodies of water where it becomes popular, premier sport at north east colleges especially Ivy League

New York Yacht Club

A sailing club founded in 1800s for wealthy New Yorkers that helped make yachting and sailing popular among America's upper class

Elysian Field

Meeting place for the high society of New York (Vanderbilts)

Newport, Rhode Island

Meeting place for the rich and elite, old money, socialize and have their summers here, rise of tennis; place of first annual ricotta

America's cup

Most coveted prize in rowing and Americans beat Great Britain to win the first one

Bare-knuckle boxing

Just needed two figures, popularly in taverns and saloons

Fights to the finish

Fight ended when one of the opponents were knocked unconscious or conceded defeat

The fancy

Sporting fraternity that developed around prized fighting, interested in roughness/drinking/gambling/brothels

Rounders

English game that included a bat and ball that was similar to baseball where players hit and ball and ran around bases to score

Alexander Joy Cartwright

Father of modern baseball, setting basis of 9 innings, 9 players on a team, set bases 90 feet apart, organized the Knickerbockers

New York Knickerbockers

One of first organized baseball clubs, formed in New York, that helped create and standardize many of the early rules of modern baseball

New York Game

Spread the game from New York across the Pacific and country

National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP)

Consisted of teams, created rules that were meant to be followed for the structure of baseball, sense of continuity in American sports, against paying players

Town ball

Workers playing on teams sponsored by their employers, sports are good for business and name recognition

President Ulysses S. Grant

Cincinnati Red Stockings were the first team to visit the White House with this President

Henry Chadwick

English journalist, "baseballs pioneer", invented box score, wrote the first rulebook

The Game of Baseball - How to learn it, how to play it and how to teach it

First book about game of baseball

Game of baseball

Henry Chadwick wrote this book in 1859, first serious book about baseball, introduced batting average to assess a players value

Richard Kyle Fox

Newspaper publisher and boxing promoter who helped revive prize-fighting by promoting major fighters and matches in the late 1800s

National Police Gazette

Newspaper targeted for men, grew prize fighting

Bible of the barbershop

Found in social places where men gather

“the manly art”

phrase used to define boxing or prize-fighting

John L. Sullivan

“Boston Strong Boy”, America's first sports star (prizefighter), heavyweight champion, idea of the Fighting Irish

Gilded Age

Satire book by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley, behind "thin layer of gold" there is trouble, issue that total wealth is held by some few families while many Americans live in poverty

Mark Twain

Author of book Gilded Age

New York Athletic Club

Membership here signaled extremely high status, known for amateur track and field team; most famous club

American Athletic Union (AAU)

NYAC founded this, serves as governing amateur sports, promoted amateur over professional, honor over $$

Country clubs

Built in suburbs, places where tennis golf, horse racing, riding, and hunting

Myopia club

First country club, outside of Boston

“Ladies days”

First time women were provided women's sports, tennis and golf acceptable, only play on these days

Christian

Social movement on this idea, origins in England that sports teach men hardwork, teamwork, and becoming closer with God

Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)

Initially emphasized wholesomeness and discipline, exercise facilities, build up the mind/body/temple, moral instruction of young men having fellowship

Boy Scouts of America and Girl Scouts of America

Promotion of this during the Christianity social movement, appealing to the younger generation

Frank Merriwell

Fictional character in 1896-1912, played football and baseball, supposed to be good example for young boys, "ideal American young man"

Neurasthenia

Concern about loss of vitality in young men, men that stayed inside or in cities were weaker to men in country with fresh air and physical activity

Thomas Wentworth Higginson

Lead voice of Muscular Christianity

Saint and their bodies

Argued good health was essential for men's success and moms spoiling made weak sons

Atlantic monthly

An American magazine founded in 1857 that publishes articles on politics, culture, literature, and current events

Amateurism

Not getting paid for playing, playing for sake of honor not money

Professionalism

Paying players to play sports

Cincinnati Red Stockings

First team to pay players (make players professional)

Harry Wright

Manager of Red Stock, former cricket player, played for New York Knickerbockers, paid players, innovation for the game with structure and travel

Theodore Roosevelt

Origins taught him about power, knew about pain and suffering through asthma and bullying

“The Strenuous Life”

Speech reflected Roosevelt's belief of men who were mentally and physically strong were in charge of keeping US ahead of other nations

Zeitgeist

General, intellectual, cultural and moral climate of an era, the spirit of an age

Luther Gulick

Head of PE department at International YMCA training school in Massachusetts, key figure in youth sports movement

Xenophobia

Fear of and biased against people from other countries, immigrants seen as in need of reform

Americanization

The use of culture including sports to assimilate immigrants into US society

Police Athletic League (PAL)

Closing streets and neighborhoods where there were a lot of children so they could play sports and games, steered away from crime and gangs, improve relations between community and police

Playground movement

Luther Gulick behind this, construction of playgrounds across the country, supported by local people in their own communities

Public parks movement

Rock Creek Park would close the neighboring roads so you could run or walk around the Park, City planners across the country designed and developed parks, all Americans should have access to these spaces

Central Park

Created by Frederick Law Olmstead, Symbol for difference between private and public tax dollars and philanthropy to make public space available to all, Improve people's manners, help produce thoughtful ideas, valued bc it gave people a chance to be with nature

Frederick Law Olmstead

Created Central Park, father of landscape architecture

Wheelmen clubs

Advocated for bicycling conditions and urban amenities, ex: smoother paths

James Naismith

Man who invented basketball, came from modest background, lost parents young

Springfield, Massachusetts

YMCA training school location where James Naismith studies after college, mentor is Luther Gulick

Basketball

Invented game to keep young men calm during the winter, two peach baskets nailed to gym balconies, soccer ball, basic rules

Rowing

premier sport at northeastern college

Regattas

Major competition associated with rowing, crew teams

Amherst vs Williams

First recorded college baseball game, in western Massachusetts, July 1st 1859

Intramural

Students at the same college in one class year battling members of another class year

Princeton vs. Rutgers

First college football game occurring Nov 6 1869, looked more like a soccer match vs anything we think of football as

Walter Camp

Father of American football, helped regulate the game of football, believed in importance of synchronized play, emphasis on practice and training camps

Taylorism

Refers to concept of order and regularity in manufacturing

Flying wedge

Also known as the “mass-momentum play” first used by Harvard. The five heaviest players would form a v-shaped wedge around the ball carrier and run over opponents. These plays caused the most injuries in the early days of football.

All American Team

1889, list of best college football players in the country

Theodore Roosevelt (Football concerns)

Fan of football but concerned with diminished sportsmanship and unnecessarily rough aspects of it

Bowl games

Making money from competitions and defining champions

Rose bowl

Annual opportunity for tourists to come and spend money in the community

Fight songs

Written and sung as part of pride of the universities

Boosters

Donors to athletics who also bought and distributed tickets, spending their money and creating greater sense of pride among the alums, get tickets to people who aren't necessarily part of the institution

Benching

Part of African American men experience, inability of black players to play, in south and sometimes outside of the south

“Head harnesses”

Helmets; not required until 1939, seen as not masculine

'Fritz' Pollard

All American, first black player in Rose Bowl, first black coach, first black pro football player

Biddle University/Johnson C. Smith vs. Livingston College

First two HBCU to play football game, located in North Carolina

Irish American Athletic Clubs (IAAC)

Irish couldn't join athletic clubs, so they formed their own in Boston and NY

Turner societies

Where German people settled once they came to the US, culture of gymnastics, National Turnfest, anti-nativist/ anti-slavery/ political

Turner

German word for gymnast or tumbler

Turner Halls

Gathering places for lectures, political debates, libraries, known for educating german immigrants, preservation of german culture

"Stock"

Ones physical and intellectual attributes, demonstrated worth and based on ancestors

Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA)

Jewish counterpart to YMCA helped Eastern Europeans assimilate to the US, Swims, gyms, and nightclasses to help them assimilate

Young Women's Hebrew Associations (YWHA)

Offered programs to women after 20th century, Places where competitiveness for women was considered unfeminine

Hank Greenberg

Accomplished major league baseball player, made the stereotypes appear not true, Jewish boys looked up to him

Muscular Judaism

Showing Jewish men as robust, manly, active instead of weak

Pseudonyms

Jews would compete under different names as a type of protection

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

First act in American history to limit entry on basis of race or nationality

“The Rising Tide of Color”

Promoted racial purity, wanted to preserve white males countries, written by Lothrop Stoddard, Asians men were seen as feminine and women seen as too fragile

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist hate group that opposed racial minorities and had strong views on race, gender, and sexuality

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme court case established separate but equal in the US, there could be racial segregation as long as there were equal accommodations

Jim Crow

System of economic and social repression against people of color to maintain white supremacy by any means necessary

de jure segregation

Segregation by law

de facto segregation

Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice, segregation by custom

Lynching

Murder of an individual at the hands of three or more people, commonly by hanging them by trees, victims were commonly African Americans, used to instill fear