KINE 150 quiz 1

Active transportation

any self-propelled, human-powered mode of transportation, such as walking or bicycling. Can be combined with public transportation

AT: Positive association between active transport to school and

Physical activity, Cardio fitness, healthier body composition

1. Exercise before school improves_____ 2. social time with _____3. Community ________

concentration, parents and friends, Building

What is health

A dynamic state or condition of the human organism that is multidimensional (i.e., physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, and occupational) in nature, a resource for living, and results from a person's interactions with and adaptations to their environment.

Health can vary for each individuals (T/F)

true

An individual can have a disease or injury and still be healthy? (T/F)

True

Health equity

1. Everyone has opportunity to attain full health potential without disadvantages of social position

2. Everyone has fair and just opportunity - requires removing obstacles such as poverty, discrimination, etc

What 3 things measure overall health of a population

1. infant mortality rate

2. Age-adjusted death rate

3. Life expectancy

infant mortality

number of infants in a population who die before first birthday per 1000 births

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live based on current mortality rates

Health equity is achieved only when

everyone can attain their full potential for health and well being

Social determinants of health

The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels

5 social determinants of health

economic stability, education, social and community context, health and health care, neighborhood and built environment

Health Disparities

Population or group level differences in health that are systemic, avoidable, unfair, or unjust

Health disparities are the metric used to

measure progress toward achieving health equity

Behavioral interventions target

behaviors, cognitions, emotional or affective well-being, physical health and function, health care practices, physical/social environments, policies

what characterizes effective interventions?

Grounded in theory, multicomponent, tailored to specific needs, participant centered, participant directed

What is theory?

1. A systematic way of understanding events or situations

2. A set of concepts, definitions, and propositions that explain or predict

3. Illustrates the relationships between variables

Why is theory important?

1. helps understand health behavior

2. Important in systematic connections between health problem and response to it and the yielding results

Theory gives planners _________ for moving beyond intuition

tools

Theory has implications on program _____ and program ______

design, evaluation

Why Use Theory to Address Health Issues in Diverse Populations?

1. guides understanding, improves design, strengthens impact and equity, builds evidence based practices

Socio-ecological model order

individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy

what does the socio-ecological model offer

organizational framework for integrating multiple behavioral theories - ensures environment and policy are considered, focuses on interaction between people and their sociocultural environments

ecological models assume

multilevel interventions are more effective then targeting single level

individual level

Attitudes, beliefs, knowledge,habits, behaviors, skills,developmental history, selfconcept, personality traits

interpersonal level

families, friends, social networks

Organizational Level

schools, businesses, community orgs, rules and regulations

community level

norms, culture, availability of resources

policy level

local state, and national laws and policies

Social Determinants of Health

The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels

fishbowl metaphor

If the bowl in which a fish lives is dirty, or the glass is cracked and the water is leaking, the fish will never reach its full health potential, despite any individual effort.

Experiential avoidance

attempts to avoid thoughts, feelings, memories, physical sensations, and other internal experiences - even when doing so creates harm in the long-run (drugs)

How long has public health been around

As long as the history of civilization

Early civilization public health (2000 BCE)

Unrecorded, but involved taboos, rites, and spiritual belief

Pompeii had what health thing

toliets

18th century public health

Industrial growth - overcrowded cities, first vaccinations against small pox

second half of 19th century had

Epidemics in major cities

2 things in 19th century

1850: shattuck report, modern era of public health begins

20th century public health

in 1900 life expectancy was less than 50 years

Health resources development period (1900-1960)

Growth of healthcare facilities, reform in first 20 years, 1920: prep program for health specialist

Social engineering (1960-1973)

Federal government involved in health, federal spending accelerated increase in health care, improved health standards

medicaid and medicare formed in what year

1965

Period of Health Promotion (1974-present)

Traced premature death to lifestyle and health behaviors, healthy people established, national prevention strategy

Healthy people (80s,90s, 10 year gaps, current state 2030) 3 part road map to improve health

1980s - first set of objects to promote health and prevent disease

19990s: healthy people 2000

20th Century Achievements

*Vaccination

*Motor Vehicle Safety

*Safer Workplaces

*Control of Infectious Disease

*Decline in Deaths from CVD and Stroke

*Safer and Healthier Foods

*Healthier Mothers and Babies

*Family Planning

*Community Water Fluoridation

*Recognition of Tobacco Use as a Health Hazard

early 21st century public health issues

- health care delivery

- environmental problems

- lifestyle diseases

- communicable diseases

- alcohol and other drug abuse

- health disparities

- disasters

- public health preparedness

21st century global health achievements

-Reductions in child mortality

-Vaccine-preventable deaths

-Access to safe water and sanitation

-Malaria prevention and control

-Prevention and control of HIV/AIDS

-Tuberculosis control of infectious diseases

-Control of neglected tropical diseases

-Tobacco control

-Global road safety

-Improved preparedness and response

Student healthy people 2030 leading health indicators

ok

Public health

actions society takes collectively to ensure the conditions in which people can be healthy can occur; most inclusive term

community health

health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health

population health

health outcomes of a broader group of people (for example, people over age 65 in the U.S.), including the distribution of such outcomes within the group

global health

health problems, issues, and concerns thattranscend national boundaries

personal health activities

Individual actions and decision making that affect the health of an individual or immediate family members or friends

Community/public health activities

Activities aimed at protecting or improving the health of a population or community

A healthy community is

- people make choices in assessing their own resources

- public health and social infrastructure support health

- essential health services are available and accessible

- Individuals have the opportunities to make choices for their own health

What factors affect the health of a community?

physical, social, cultural

Physical factors affecting community health

Geography (location), environment (use of land), community size, industrial development

social and cultural factors that affect community health

- beliefs, traditions, and prejudices

- economy

- politics

- religion

- social norms

- socioeconomic status

Community + public health organizations (different types of organizations that contribute to a community's health)

- Governmental

- quasi-governmental

- nongovernmental

Community + public health organizations core functions

- assess health of community

- develop public health policy

- assure appropriate public health services are available

Governmental health agencies

health agencies that are part of the governmental structure (federal, state, or local) and that are funded primarily by tax dollars, managed by government

Governmental health agencies exist at which 4 levels

international, national, state, local

Quasi-Governmental Health Organizations

organizations that have some responsibilities assigned by the government but operate more like voluntary agencies, make important contributions, some government funding

Nongovernmental agencies

- funded by private donations

- arise out of unmet needs in communities

- operate free from governmental interference

epidemiologist

- study the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations

- study course of diseases

- collect information of diseases status

- think disease detectives

- use data to prevent undesirable health events

John Snow

"Father of Epidemiology", studied the London Cholera epidemics of 1848 & 1854, suspected it was from the water, as most cases were found close to the Broad Street pump

how do epidemiologist track chronic diseases?

- count new and existing cases

- analyze sociodemographic factors to identify disparities

- Understanding disparities to aid in programs to address them

Epidemic

unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior or event, in a particular population

endemic

disease that occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course

pandemic

outbreak over wide geographic area

Why are rates important?

enable epidemiologist to compare health events that occur at different times or places aiding in monitoring population health

cases

those inflicted with disease

population at risk

those susceptible to a particular disease

Morbidity rate

number of people afflicted with a certain disease

Incidence Rate

number of new cases of a disease (important for acute diseases that subside quickly)

Prevalence Rate

number of new and old cases in a given period of time divided by total number in population (useful for long lasting diseases)

attack rate

special type of incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak

Crude rates

denominator is total population

age adjusted rates

used to make comparisons of relative risks across groups and over time when groups differ in age structure

mortality statistics

most reliable measure of population health status

life expectancy

average number of years a person from a specific cohort is projected to live from a given point in time

Disability adjusted life years

measures burden of disease (one DALY is one year lost of healthy life)

- quality of life matters, not just how long you live

Acute disease

3 months or less

Chronic disease

greater than 3 months

communicable

infectious

non-communicable

not infectious

Non-communicable disease

Cant be transmitted, leading causes of death (heart disease, stroke, cancer)

- complex causes

- identifying cause hard because so many factors

Multicausation disease model

- host: unique genetic endowment

- personality, beliefs, behavioral choices: impact host

- complex environment: exposes host to risk factors

risk factors for noncomunicable disease

Hereditary, behavioral, environmental

prioritizing prevention and control effects

Criteria used to judge importance of disease in a community

primary prevention

intervening before health effects occur

secondary prevention

screening to identify diseases in earliest stages, before onset symptoms

tertiary prevention

managing disease post diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression

health indicators

standard statistics that are used to measure and compare health status

3 factors commonly used to provide an overview of health of a population

-infant mortality

-age-adjusted death rates

- life expectancy

Death rates

the number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people in a population

health disparities differ due to

race / ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, disability status, geography, system reasons,

These are PREVENTABLE and UNJUST

Life expectancy is getting closer to pre-

pandemic levels

Chronic diseases are the top

causes of death