muslims theology

Muhammad

The final prophet of Islam, believed by Muslims to have received the Qur’an from Allah through the angel Gabriel.

Caliph

A leader who succeeded Muhammad and led the Muslim community.

Imam

A Muslim prayer leader; in Shia Islam, also a spiritual leader from Muhammad’s family.

Hadith

Reports about Muhammad’s words, actions, and teachings.

Ka’bah

The sacred building in Mecca that Muslims face when praying.

Ramadan

The ninth month of the Islamic calendar, marked by fasting, prayer, charity, and devotion.

Eid al-Fitr

Celebration at the end of Ramadan when Muslims break the fast.

Eid al-Adha

Celebration remembering Abraham’s willingness to obey God.

Shahadah

The Muslim declaration of faith: there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His messenger.

Surah Al-Fatihah

The first chapter of the Qur’an; a prayer asking Allah for guidance.

What is the Hijrah?

The migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

What is the Muslim belief about the authorship of the Qur’an?

Muslims believe the Qur’an is the literal word of God, revealed to Muhammad by the angel Gabriel over about 23 years.

What do Muslims believe about God?

Muslims believe in one God, Allah, who is the creator, ruler, and completely unique; they emphasize monotheism.

Which branch of Islam is the majority?

Sunni Muslims comprise about 85–90% of the Muslim population, while Shia Muslims make up about 10–15%.

What was the original conflict between Sunni and Shia Muslims?

The disagreement over who should lead the Muslim community after Muhammad's death in 632 CE.

What is the importance of Surah Al-Fatihah?

It is the opening chapter of the Qur’an and recited during five daily prayers; it praises Allah and seeks guidance.

Why is the crescent moon important to Islam?

The crescent moon symbolizes Islam due to its calendar, which is based on moon cycles, particularly for Ramadan.

What does fasting during Ramadan involve?

Muslims fast from dawn to sunset, refraining from food and drink while increasing prayer and charity.

What similarities do Catholics and Muslims share according to Nostra Aetate?

Both believe in one God, value prayer and moral living, and respect figures like Abraham; promotes cooperation for peace.

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

The major practices of Islam: Shahadah (faith), Salah (prayer), Zakat (almsgiving), Sawm (fasting), and Hajj (pilgrimage).