ATI TEAS 7

Inflammation, production of interferon, and ingestion of pathogens by phagocytes are non specific cellular responses by ?

The internal aspect of the innate immune system

what feature of the adaptive immune system decreases the amount of time it takes for the body to respond to a particular antigen?

memory cells

Which of the following occurs in the cardiac cycle if the impulse triggered at the sinoatrial node never reaches the Purkinje fibers of the heart?

The ventricles will not contract

Describe the link between damaged villi and malnutrition

Damaged villi decrease the nutrient-absorbing surface area in the gastrointestinal tract

What organ is responsible for the majority of the chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients in the digestive system?

Small intestine

Contraction occurs when the thin ___ filaments slide past the thicker ____ filaments, causing the sarcomere unit to shorten or contract.

actin and myosin

The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands that produce which of the following responses

A slowly initiating but prolonged response on other body systems

Which gland has an exocrine function and aids in the regulation of blood glucose

pancreas

Which term refers to the middle layer of the skin that is made of connective tisssue

Dermis

What is produced by the skin when a cholesterol based precursor is modified by the presence of ultraviolet radiation?

Vitamin D

Which type of bone cells perform mineral resorption

osteoclasts

Inside of adult long bones, yellow bone marrow is located within which of the following?

medullary cavity

What type of tissue serves to fasten and support body parts

Connective

What leaves the body via deferens

Gametes

What reproductive organs produces sperm in males and ova in females

Gonads

What is the term used to describe an action potential jumping from node to node in an axon

Saltatory conduction

A polysaccharide can be described as which of the following

A carbohydrate that is made of many sugar molecules

What is a chemical reaction between two molecules in which a water molecule is released and a covalent bond forms

Dehydration reaction

Which is a triplet of nitrogenous bases that codes for an amino acid

Codon

Inheritance can be described as what?

transmission of characteristics to offspring

Genetic information describing the characteristics of an organism is sound in which of the following

Nucleus

What best describes the result of mitosis

New body cells that replace damaged body cells

What is the function of ribosomes

they facilitate protein synthesis

Correctly describes a major metabolic pathway

Respiration is an oxidative, degradative pathway

atomic mass has a decimal because it is the average ______ of all the isotopes for a particular element. The atomic number of an element is the number of ___ in its nucleus

mass - protons

An atom that has lost an electron becomes____ in charge and is called a ____

Positive, cation

Which of the following statements is true about protons

They are located in the nucleus of an atom

What is characteristic of a graph displaying the physical states of a substance under varying temperature and pressure

Having temperature and pressure as its axes and is called a phase diagram

Each elements atomic number is determined by the number of what in its atom?

Protons

The number of which of the following particles will differ for each isotope of the same element

Neutrons in it's nucleus

What best describes the mass of an object

An extensive property and physical property

Which characteristics applies to the bonds holding together nonpolar covalent molecules

They share electrons between atoms and result in a balanced distribution of charges throughout the molecule.

What is the appropriate prefix measure of the amount of space taken up by a penny

Milli

Which statement is true about understanding magnitude when describing relationships

A micrometer is smaller than a centimeter, and a centimeter is smaller than a kilometer

Which term is used to refer to the anatomical plane that divides the body into left and right portions

Sagittal plane

Which is located on the anterior region of the human body

Patella

List pairs of common anatomical terms

Wrist/carpal

Neck/cervical

Skull/cranial

Foot/pedal

Groin/inguinal

What moves bolus down the esophagus to the stomach

Peristalsis

The villi, microvilli, and rugae function to?

Increase surface area in the small intestine for digestion & absorption

Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to close could result in?

gastric reflux

What does the colon do

Absorbs water and vitamin k

The erythrocytes (red blood cells) of the blood have which function?

Transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide

Which vessels carry deoxygenated blood?

Pulmonary arteries and vena cava

Why are arteries thicker and more elastic than veins?

Arteries are under greater pressure

Define systole

contraction of the heart muscle

Functions of the lymphatic system

Collecting excess fluid from tissues

Providing cells for immune response

Filtration of interstitial fluid through lymph nodes

What is the name for a nerve cell

neuron

Describe dendrites

It is a nerve fiber

Functions of the nervous system

Maintain homeostasis

Senses internal and external changes

Analyzes sensory information & makes motor decisions to respond

Responds with muscular contractions and glandular secretions

Which disorders affect both the autonomic and somatic division of the nervous system

Vascular disorders like a stroke

Structural disorders like a spinal cord injury

Degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease

What is the antagonistic muscle to the biceps brachii

triceps brachii

What is the area between muscle fiber and the axon terminal of a motor neuron

Neuromuscular junction

Which muscle tissue types are involuntary

cardiac and smooth

Facts about muscle contraction

It is stimulated by the release of neurotransmitters released in the synapse

Both actin and myosin stay the same length

Muscle contraction requires the use of ATP

Which disease is caused by a virus that attacks and destroys the nerves that activate skeletal muscles, causing the muscles to lose their ability to function

Polio

The female gametes are called ___ and contain a ___ set of chromosomes

ova/half

What structure is part of both the male urinary and reproductive system

urethra

Where does an egg and sperm meet for fertilization

Fallopian tube

Male gametes are produced in the __________ and mature in the __________

testes and epididymis

In the female system, the hormone FSH stimulates ___, while LH stimulates___

follicle development/ovulation

The endocrine system secretes chemical messengers from ductless glands

The hormone called insulin and glucagon____

Have opposite effects on blood glucose levels but work together towards maintenance of a homeostatic level of glucose in the blood

Negative feedback is ___

Involved in the inhibitory action of thyroid hormone on thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid releasing hormone

Define passive immunity

The temporary immunity gained by a body that has acquired antibodies from an outside source

The collective swelling, pain, heat and redness resulting from an innate immune system response is called what?

Inflammation

A person reacts to a bee sting with a life threatening allergic response that affects the respiratory system. this response is in part due to the production of antibodies. What is responsible for this allergic reaction?

Adaptive (active) immunity

An immune system's rejection of organs from an organ donor are caused by what?

The immune system's recognition of foreign antigens

What secretes interleukins and triggers the action of other cells

Helper T cells

Mineral resorption is caused by what?

osteoclasts

weak and brittle bones caused by a lack of bone minerals are symptoms of what?

osteoporosis

Blood vessels in bones___

Travel in Volkmann Canals (Haversian)

What kind of connective tissues attaches muscle to bone?

Tendon

What structure is located in the axial skeleton and lined with mucus membrane ?

sinus

Order the following examples of a body's structures organized from the simplest to the most complex

Mitochondria, muscle cell, connective tissue, heart

Muscle cells contain many___ because of their high metabolism of ATP

Mitochondria

The failure of what organ could interfere with gas exchange in the body?

lung

Describe the prophase stage of mitosis

Visible chromosomes form

Describe the DNA double helix

A twisted ladder with bases facing each other as the rungs and the phosphates and sugars forming the sides of the ladder.

Where is most of the DNA found in a human cell

nucleus

Describe a gene

A gene is heredity and codes for a protein or functional RNA molecule

Describe transcription and translation

The sequence of bases in a gene is used to make an mRNA copy, which is read by a ribosome to make a chain of amino acids that folds into a protein

Where are chromosomes replicated

In a phase of the cell cycle

What monomers make up proteins?

amino acids

Why are lipids not typical polymers

Because they aren't made of repeating monomers bonded together by dehydration reaction

Example of noncovalent bonds

Weak bonds such as hydrogen bonds

Hemogoblin carries O2 to cells in the body, while antibodies are an important part of the immune system. They are both proteins but why can they do different things?

The function of each proteins is determined by its three-dimensional structure. Hemoglobin and antibodies have different structures

What is not a carbohydrate?

ATP

What is a proton

The part of an atom counted to determine the atomic number of an element

Where are valence electrons located?

In the outermost shell of an atom

The atomic number of an element___

Is the same as it's number of protons in one atom

Fact about isotopes

All isotopes of an element have the same number of protons and electrons

The amount of molecular movement within a substance___

Increases as it gains heat and decreases as it loses heat

What can a phase diagram of water tell you

Pressure and temperature needed to change water from liquid to gas

What is sublimation?

Transition from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state

What stimulates the production of antibodies

vaccine

What type of defense can be gained through the placenta, breast milk, or by receiving a serum containing antibodies?

passive immunity

What process occurs during tubular reabsorption?

Useful material moves from filtrate back into the bloodstream

What liquid emulsifies lipids during digestion?

bile

What part of the nervous systems causes skeletal muscle contractions?

Somatic division

During childbirth, what hormone is released that stimulates uterine contractions?

Oxytocin