Nutrition Exam 3 Study Guide (pt.1)

what are the steps of protein synthesis

1. DNA serves to make mRNA, mRNA copies

2. mRNA exits the nucleus

3. mRNA attaches itself to ribosomes and tRNA collects amino acids

4. tRNA cluster around ribosomes and snap into position

5. the ribosome moves along the mRNA and enzymes bond amino acids together to the growing protein strand

6. completed protein releases, mRNA is degraded, tRNA returns for more amino acids

What is coiling and folding in protein synthesis?

the strand of amino acids

What are positive and negative nitrogen balances?

positive: growing child, pregnant woman, body builder

negative: muscle breakdown from illness, astronaut

What are the risks of severe fatness?

adipokines

abdominal hernia

complications in pregnancy

What are the negative health outcomes of obesity?

cvd/stroke

cancer

diabetes

hypertension

osteoarthiritis

gall bladder disease

gout

impaired glucose intolerance

Suppose your body needs to make the hypothetical protein BANANA. Each letter (A, B, and N) represents a diUerent essential amino acid. If the pool of available amino acids had 2 As, 2 Bs, and 2 Ns, which amino acid would be the limiting amino acid?

amino acid A

What are limiting amino acids?

low-quality proteins

What are the deficiencies for developing edema and electrolyte imbalances?

protein deficiency

What is edema?

swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body’s tissues

What is the primary structure of proteins?

amino acids

What is protein denaturation?

when a protein loses its 3 dimensional shape

What are the factors that cause protein denaturation?

external stress or chemical treatment

(digestion, cooking, salts of heavy metals)

What does high-quality protein mean? Examples?

a protein has enough of all essential amino acids

meats tend to have high-quality proteins

What are complementary proteins?

proteins with two or more low quality proteins missing different amino acids

What are diseases related to protein deficiencies?

kwashiorkor and marasmus

What are the health issues related to vomiting in bulimia?

tooth decay, decrease blood potassium, swelling of salivary glands, stomach ulcers, bleeding/tears in the esophagus

What is Ghrelin? Which tissue produces and secretes it?

ghrelin is the hungry horomone, it is produced and secreted by the hypothalamus

People with which eating disorders are least concerned with their body weight?

binge eating

What are the risks of body fat deficiency?

seige/famine

hospital stays

wasting disease'

cancer

When protein consumption is more than the body needs and the body’s energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized, and the energy in the molecule is...

converted into fat

A person with anorexia is likely to...

not recognize the condition

What is a female athlete triad?

the 3 medical problems:

1. eating disorders

2. amenorrhea (diminished hormones)

3. osteoporosis (loss of calcium from bones)

What examples of food item pairs illustrate the mutual supplementation of proteins?

grains, vegetables, nuts, legumes

When estimating obesity within a large population, which of the following techniques/methods is used?

BMI

waist circumference

disease risk profile

What is leptin? How is it produced, and what are the function and related problems?

leptin is a adipokine hormone, produced and secreted by white adipose tissue, regulates satiation, without it can lead to obesity