Photography Skills USA test study guide

Shutter speed

how long the shutter is open-how much light is allowed into the camera

b setting

bulb- allows shutter to remain open as long as the release is depressed

t setting

allows shutter to open when the release is pressed and will remain open until pressed again

aperture

opening through the lens and body that light passes through

f-stop

a number indicating the size of the aperture / lens opening

large f stop numbers =

smaller aperture openings - less light

Stopping down

changing the f stop to make the aperture smaller ( goes to bigger number)

Opening up

f stop is changed to make the aperture larger ( goes to lower number)

Lens speed

the maximum aperture that can be set

SLR- Single Lens Reflex

optical system allowing for viewing and picture taking to simultaneously performed

TLR- Twin Lens Reflex

2 separate lenses, one views scene, other takes picture

small format

camera class by size of film or digital sensor usually 35mm

medium format

usually 120-220 film or digital back

large format

4×5 in sheet film or larger used in this camera

BTL- Between The Lens

Made of overlapping metal inside the lens designed to pivot outward from the center to admit light

Focal Plane Shutter

2 overlapping curtains or sets of blinds that open and close to admit light to film

M - manual exposure cam setting

allows you to set aperture, shutter speed, and focus by hand

Tv -

shutter priority

Tv- shutter priority

you set shutter speed, camera sets aperture

Av - camera setting

Aperture priority

Av- aperture priority

you set aperture, cam sets shutter speed

P- cam setting

Program

p- program

cam selects optimal combination of settings

fast film speed

film very light sensitive - fast exposure time

slow film speed

long exposure time - less active emulsions - responds only to high illumination levels

ISO stands for

International Standards Organization

Grain

the degree of coarseness in an images grain pattern

what causes graininess

over exposure

contrast

difference in light density between light and dark object in a scene

latitude

films ability to produce a full range of tones despite variations from standard exposure

roll film

medium format film rolled onto a spool

magazines

light-tight chamber on a pair of chambers designed to hold film and move motion picture film stock

cartridges

any spool wound photographic film protected by paper backing

sheet film

must be opened from boxes in complete darkness - 2 part system

primary colors

red-green-blue

contemporary colors

colors appear as their opposite on color negative films brightness scale is reversed

opposite of blue

yellow

opposite of green

magenta

opposite of red

cyan

K - Kelvin degrees

measure color temp of light sources

high kelvin number =

cool temperature light

low kelvin number =

warm temperature light

film speeds are written in

1/3 stop increments - every 3rd number doubles - rounds up at 25

first 3 film speed numbers

6-8-10

A low ISO number will be

low exposure-low grain-high quality-high res

a high ISO number will be

high exposure-grainy-low quality-low res

file type used for web page inclusion or email submission

Basic/Small

High detail/information advanced post production file type

RAW

file type used for wall prints or compact flash cards

Fine/Large

file type with best archival qualities

RAW

Tiff

Tagged Image File Format - takes up large file space - hard to transfer

Cannon’s RAW file extention

CR2

Nikon’s RAW file extention

NEF

Jpeg

joint photographic experts group

CF Card

compact flash

lossy compression method file type - saves larger files with less space - does not support layers

Jpeg

most durable cam card - common at pro level - internal contacts

CF - compact flash

smaller/thinner cam card - external contacts

SD- Smart media

SD card

Smart media card

Bit depth

the amount of gray levels a sensor will record

CCD

Charge coupled devices

Pixel

an individual picture element that makes up arrays - what makes up the photo

PPI

Pixels Per Inch

PPI-Pixels Per Inch

how output res is measured

More PPI =

crisper images

Clipping

when tonal ranges spill off the histogram causing lost in details of either highlights or shadows

bit-depth

number of colors an image sensor is capable of generating

Higher bit-depth =

richer color and variety

white balance

color correction system designed to produce good color reproduction under varying lighting conditions

mega pixel

1 million pixels present - = width multiplied by height

focal length is determined by

distance from subject to lens

f-stop

A measure of the aperature - how much light is being let in

f-stops are sequenced in

multiples of the sqr root of 2 - calculate by 1X sqrt of 2 = (1.4) 1.4X sqrt of 2= 2 etc.

Exposure

total light reaching the film/sensor

what factors in exposure

aperture

shutter speed

film speed

amount of light reflecting off subject

film speed have to do with what numbers

ISO numbers

focal length

distance between lens and the focal point

focal point

the point where rays meet after reflection or refraction

refraction

the bending of light rays as the pass through a clear material

incident

light falling on the surface of an object

image point

the point at which rays passing through a lens converge to focus on 1 spot

simple lens

made of 1 piece of glass

compound lens

made up of 2 or more simple lenses (pieces of glass)

DOF-Depth of field

distance range within which objects appear in acceptably sharp focus

shallow DOF

focuses just on subject infront and beyond subject is out of focus

Max DOF

when everything in picture is acceptably focused

infinity

max distance on focus setting distance - from camera to beyond where things are in focus

what controls DOF

aperture

subject to camera distance

focal length

Shutter speeds measured by

each number is one stop of exposure change - starts at 60sec then ½s into 30 rounds at 15’s etc

calculate shutter speed by

dividing by half round 15’s

shutter speed controls

exposure

motion

slow shutter speed=

blurred motion - sharp background

high shutter speed=

freeze motion - shallow background

panning-

following movement w camera- blur background/freeze subject

Exposure calculation

E= Intensity X Time

equivalent exposure f/8

1/15(ss)

Shutter speed eliminates

camera shake

ASA

American Standards association

unconver light meter lumisphere for

reflective

cover light meter lumisphere for

incident