EXAM 2 Focus points pt2

Crossing over

Homologous chromosomes exchange DNA during prophase 1

Independent assortment

Homologous chromosome pairs separate independently during meiosis I

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes

Each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids

The mitotic spindle begins to form

The nucleolus disappears, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up at the cell's equator, called the metaphase plate.

Spindle fibers attach to chromosome kinetochores.

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate

They move toward opposite poles of the cell

Telophase

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles'

New nuclear envelope forms

Chromosomes begin to decondense

Cytokinesis

The cytoplasm divides

Two daughter cells form

In animal cells, a cleavage furrow pinches the cell apart

Transcription

Copies info from DNA into RNA in the nucleus with the help of RNA polymerase

Translation

Uses mRNA instructions to build a protein in the ribosome or on rough ER