BIOSCI MIDTERM Reviewer

Organ System

A group of organs that cooperate to perform a dynamic function.

Functions of Organ System

1. Communicate

2. Support and movement

3. Defense

4. Regulate

5. Reproduce

Circulatory System

The system responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.

Open Circulatory System

A type of circulatory system where fluid is not always contained within vessels.

Closed Circulatory System

A type of circulatory system where blood is contained within vessels.

Composition of circulatory

1. Heart

2. Blood Vessels

3. Blood Lymph

4. Lymph vessels

Composition of Blood

Blood is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Erythropoiesis

The process of producing red blood cells.

ABO Blood Classification

A system for classifying blood based on the presence of antigens A and B on red blood cells.

Leukocytes

White blood cells that protect the body from disease caused by certain microorganisms

Thrombocytes

Also known as platelets, they are involved in the clotting mechanism of blood.

Cardiac Cycle

The sequence of events in one heartbeat, consisting of systole and diastole.

Heart

Main Organs/Pumping Organ

Systole

Contraction of heart

Diastole

Relaxed muscle

Heart Beat

Cardiac Cycle

Blood Vessels

Passage way of the blood

Arteries, Capillaries, Veins

Blood

Transport medium/ Essence of life

Plasma

Fluid portion of the blood

RBC (Erythrocytes)

delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and eliminates carbon dio

TYPE A

Heart Disease

Stomach Cancer

Antigen B and Anti B

TYPE B

Heart Disease

Pancreatic Cancer

Antigen B and Anti A

TYPE O

Skin Cancer

Renal Cancer

No antigen but have both antibodies A&B

TYPE AB

Blood Clot

Dementia

Antigen A&B, no antibodies

2 Chamber

1 auricle and 1 ventricle

Fish

3 chambers

2 auricles and 1 ventricle

Amphibians and reptiles

4 chambers

2 auricles and 2 ventricles

Birds and mammals

Integumentary System

Made up of skin and provides sensory infos

Functions of Integumentary

Protection, absorption, excre, secre, regulation, & sensation

Epidermis

first layer of the skin

Dermis

Includes blood vessels, nerves, glands, & smooth muscle

Hypodermis

Composed of fat rich cells

Structural Basis of Skin Color

Melanin (Brown/black)

Carotene (Yellow)

Hemoglobin (Red)

Accessory Structures

Nails- hard keratin

Hair- protein filament

Skin glands- Sweat glands, earwax, sebum, milk

Skeletal System

Consist of bones, cartilages, and joints

Functions of skeletal System

Support

Attachment of muscle

Stability and shape

Protection of internal organs

Types of Bone Tissue

Compact Bone (forms the external layer of bones)

Spongy Bone (consist of trabeculae )

Bone Formation

Intramembranous Ossification

Endochondral Ossification

Calcification

Bone resorption

Bone Shapes

Long bones

Short Bones

Flatbone

Irregular Bones

Sesamoid Bones

Division of Skeletal System

Axial (Skulls-Ribcage- Vertebrae)

Appendicular- (Forelimbs and hind limbs )

Common Diseases and Disorders (Bones)

Arthritis (Osteo,Rheuma)

Bursitis

Tunnel Syndrome

EFT (Erwing)

Gout

Kyphosis

Lordosis

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteoporosis

Osteosarcoma

Paget's Disease

Scoliosis

Muscular System

Functions:

Movement

Stability

Heat Production Control of body opening

Voluntary Muscle

Maintaining of posture

Involuntary Muscle

help organs such as stomach and bladder carry out their functions

Sphincter

Control movement of substances in and out of passages

Types of muscles

Striated Voluntary- skeletal muscle

Striated Involuntary- cardiac muscle

Smooth Involuntary- visceral muscle

Types of Muscles as to action

Agonist/Prime mover- principal mover

Antagonist- for opposite movement

Synergist- stabilize movement of one joint

Fixator- fixes the position

Types of muscles as to specific function

Flexor & extensor

Adductors & abductors

Pronators & supinator

Elevator/levators & depressors

Constrictors & dilators

Major Skeletal Muscle (Head)

Sternocleidomastoid- up& down of head

Splenius Capitis- rotates the head

Frontalis - eyebrows raise

Orbicularis oris- lips to pucker

Orbicular oculi- eyes to close

Zygomaticus- mouth corners (up)

Platysma- mouth corners (down)

Masseter&temporalis- close the jaw

Major skeletal muscle (arms/)

Pectoris major

Latissimus dorsi

Deltoid

Infraspinatus

Subcapularis

Bicep brachii

tama naaaa

Muscle Proteins

Myosin

Actin

Troponin

Myoglobin

Muscle Strain and Sprain

Strain- over-stretched muscle or tendons

Sprain- more serious; tears to tendons, ligaments

Digestive System

Ingestion of foods, temporary food storage, mech and chem food breakdown into nutrients, absorption of nutri, elimination of waste

Types of Digestion

Digestion as to action- physical/mechanical & chemical

Digestion as to location - intercell & extracell

Two Groups of Organs in DS

Gastrointestinal tract- alimentary canal (mouth to anus)

Accessory Digestive organs- (Tongue, teeth, pancreas, oral glands)

Mouth

Oral cavity

Mastication

(Teeth, salivary gland, tongue)

Two Dentitions

Deciduous Teeth (Milk teeth)

Permanent Teeth (32)

Salivary Glands

Exocrine glands

Digestion of food

Tongue

Strongest Muscle

Used for making bolus

Pharynx

Funnel shaped organ

Contains epiglottis

Esophagus

Gullet

Connects mouth to the stomach

Stomach

Produces protease enzymes and HCl

Liver

Glycogen storage

Production of bile

Gall bladder

Stores bile products in the liver

I want to eat ur pancreas

produces pancreatic enzymes that helps breakdown sugar, fats, starches

small intestine

majority of digestion and absorption of food takes place

Large Intestine

collects undigest remains

Anus

Opening at the opposite end

Common Diseases (Digestive)

Appendicitis

Constipation

Diarrhea

Gastritis

Heart burn

Hemorrhoids

Pancreatic cancer and stomach cancer

Stomach ulcers

Respiratory System

Delivers oxygen to circulatory system

Aids in removing CO2

Regulate balance

Associated with the sense of smell

Types of Respiration

Direct - exchange of gases between cells and environment

Indirect - exchange of gases through specialized organs

Characteristics od Good Respiratory system

Large surface area

Be thin

Be moist

Be permeable

Be accessible

Parts of Respiratory Tract

Lungs- paired cone shaped organ, pleural membranes&cavity

Diaphragm- dome shaped muscle at the of the lungs

Mechanics of breathing

Inhalation- diaphragm contracts (inhale)

Exhalation- diaphragm relaxes (exhale)

Common Respiratory Condition

Snoring

Asthma

Influenza

Legionnaires Disease

Pleuritis

Laryngitis

Lung Cancer

Pneumonia

Sinusitis

Tuberculosis

Excretory System/Urinary system

process of disposal of waste

Excretion

removal of by-product from the body

Metabolic Wastes Products

Bile pigments

CO2

Salt and Nitrogen waste

Importance of Excretion

Promotes homeostasis (osmoregulation)

Maintaining the osmotic level of blood and plasma

Maintaining electrolyte balance

Major Excretory processes

Ammonotelism- ammonia

Ureotelism- urea

Uricotelism- uric acid

Geuanitelism- guanine

Human Excretory system

Kidney, Ureters, & Urinary bladder

extensive reservoir of urine

Excretory Organs

Skin (Sweat)

Lungs (C02)

Liver (toxins from digestion)

Negative Feedback

Dehydration

Waterlogging

Excessive beer drinking

Water gain

Water loss

Common Diseases (Excre)

Kidney stones

Renal failure

UTI

Gout