Bio test 2

hydrophobic

what do all living molecules have

carbon

what is essential for life

carbon

____ based molecules are organic

carbon

what is CH4

methain

how many atoms can carbon bond to

4

what is CH2O

a carbohydrate

def digestion

breaking food down

describe a carbon skeleton

a chain of carbon atoms that can differ in length and be straight, branched, or arranged in rings

what makes a compound organic

has carbon and hydrogen

how is a molecules structured

by ratio of atoms and arrangment of carbon skeleton

what is a function group

parts of a molecules where most of the chemical reactions occur and they determin properties of molecules

6 functional groups

hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, carbonyl group, amino group, methyl group, phosphate group

what is hydroxyl group made of and other properties

-(-OH)

-organic compounds containing this is an alcohol

-basic

what is carboxyl group made of and other properties

-(-COOH)

-carbon double bonded to oxygen and a hydroxyl (OH)

-Compounds in this group are organic acids

-becomes ionized (loses H plus ions)

what is carbonyl group made of and other properties

-Carbon double bonded to Oxygen

-also called aldehydes

-polar so dissolves in H2O

what is amino group made of and other properties

-(-NH2)
-nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen

-Attracted to H+ ions and picks them up (ionized)

-acts basic because of this but is not

what is methyl group made of and other properties

-(-CH3)

-A carbon atom bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms

-non polar so non reactive

-affects the expression of genes

what is phosphate group made of and other properties

-(-OPO3)

- A phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms

what makes carbon special

its ability to bond with 4 atoms allows it to form a tetrahedral

what is the effect of a carbon double bond

the skelton has “kinks” in it and makes it form into a different shape

def isomer

compounds with the same formula but different arrangments

def a hydrocarbon

chains composed of only carbon and hydrogen that provide fuel to the body

compare hydrophilic and hydrophobic

hydrophilic molecules love water face the outisde of a protein, hydrophobic molecules repel water are nonpolar and clusters tg in the center of a protein

what are the 4 most important organic molecules

carbohydrates, protein, lipids,nucleic acid but there are millions

how many functional groups does an organic compound have and why

1 or more bc of carbons ability to bond with 4 atoms and its great stability

def polymer

long molecule concisting of many building blocks strung together

def monomer

building blocks strung together to make a polymer

def polymerization

the process in which chains are formed to build a polymer

monomers use ___ bonds to form a polymer

covalent

what ending indicates sugar

“ose”

what ending indicates an enzyme

“ase”

def dehydration synthesis

the process of taking a water molecule out when covalent bonds form

def hydrolisis

the process of breaking down covalent bonds by adding water molecules

lactose plus water

glucose plus galactose

glucose plus glucose

maltose plus H20

monosaccharide plus monosaccharide

disaccharide plus H20

amino acid plus amino acid

dipeptide plus H20

polysaccaride plus 5 waters

6 monosaccharides

sucrose plus water

fructose plus galactose

polysaccharide plus 10 waters

11 monosaccharides

fat plus 3 waters

glycerol plus 3 fatty acids

fructose plus glucose

sucrose plus water

maltose plus water

2 glucose

polypeptide plus 21 waters

22 amino acids

glycine plus alinine

dipeptide plus water

3 fatty acids plus 1 glycerol

triglyceride

dipeptide plus water

2 amino acids

what are carbohydrates composed of

carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

function of carbohydrates

-cell wall for some plants and animals

what makes starch

multiple glucoses in a chain

equation for cellular respiration and what its called when reversed

O2+C6H12O6→H2O+CO2. photosynthesis

what shape do glucose and fructose form

rings

monosacharide plus monoscacharide

disaccharide

what is the monomer and polymer of carbohydrates

monosaccharides and polysaccharides

what is the monomer and polymer of lipids

trygliceides and phospholypids but has no polymers

what is the monomer and polymer of proteins

amino acids and polypeptides

what is the monomer and polymer of nucleic acids

nucleotide and polynucleotide

what is an enzyme

a specialized protein made of polypeptides that speed up chemical reactions in cells and make and break bonds

what is the differnce in macromolecules and polymers

polymer is always a macromolecules

most basic monosaccharide

glucose C6H12O6

what is needed for good health

fat vitamins mineral and complex carbohydrates

def glycogen

where glucose is stored in animals and its made of many glucoses

def starch

where glucose is stored in plants and its made of many glucoses

def cellulose

makes up planty cells and made of many glucoses

def chitin

makes up insect exoskeletons and a polysaccharide of glucose

why does sugar dissolve in water so well

both polar

how do plants store excess sugar

converting it into starch

can starch disolve in water

no

what do humans turn xtra sugar into

glycogen

what do proteins contain

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

how many amino acids r there

20

what is the simpliest amino acid and why

glycine -the r is just an H

what are the parts all amino acids have

-central carbon

-r group

-carboxl group

-amino. group

what determines a proteins shape

bonds

where are proteins in the body

blood stream or cell membrains

def denaturation

process in which protein unravels therefor losing its shape and functionn due to excessive heat/ph/chemical change that is irriversable

describe primery structure of a protein

a chain sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

describe secondary structure of a protein

twi polypeptide chains connected by hydrogen bonds in either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

describe tertiary structure of a protein

polypeptide undergoes further three-dimensional folding and packing driven largely by interactions between the R groups of the amino acids

describe quaternaryary structure of a protein

2 or 4 identicle transthyretin polypeptides form 1 protein

7 types of proteins

-enzymes

-transport

-defensive

-signal proteins

-structural

-contractite

-storage

do lipids mix well with water

no

name the 3 lipids

-fats/oils/triglycerides

-steroids

-phospholipids

what are triglycerides made of and the types

-1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

-unsaturated fatty acids, contain a double bond with kind, r liquid at room temp, healthier,- 1H for every double bond

-saturated fatty acids, conatin only single bonds, solid at room temp, less healthy

what make up phosopholipds and what they are used for

-1 glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains, 1 phosphate group

what does a steriord look like

honeycomb

what do fats do

store energy

what does cholesteral do

in animals cells to make stereroids

what do oils do

help plants store enery (unstaurated)

what do fats do

help animals store energy (saturated)

what is a monoglyercide made of

1 glycerol and 1 fatty acid

monosaturated

1 unsatured bond (double bond)

polyunsaturated

many unsatureated bonds

what is LDL

low dencity lipoproteins-forms plaque in flood flow (bad)

what is HDL

high dencity lipoproteins-brings cholesteral back to liver (good)

describe HDL and LDL in trans fats

low HDL high LDL

what is an anabolic stereroid and what can it cause

fake testosterone (hormones)-mood swing dpression liver damage cancer high bllod pressure high cholestural ect

what do nucleuic acids contain

Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phsphurous