Urinary system

what is the main function of the urinary system

regulation of extracellular fluid

What is the kidney

bean shaped organ located in the lumbar region of the back

What is the purpose of the kidney

removes waste from the blood

What are the two regions of the kidney

renal cortex (outer region) and renal medulla (inner region)

What are the ureters

vessels for carrying urine in peristaltic waves form the kidney to the urinary bladder

What is the bladder

hollow, muscular sac; temporary reservoir for urine

What is the urethra

Tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body in a process called urination or voiding

How long is the urethra in females

1.5 in

how long is the urethra in males

7-8in

What is a nephron

microscopic functional unit of the kidney

How do nephrons work

forms urine in renal corpuscles and tubules by process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

What is filtration and which structure is the primary structure in the process

the bowmans capsule and it helps decide what to keep and what to get rid of

what is reabsorption

body reabsorbs what is important

What is secretion

the final stage of urine production (getting rid of the waste)

What are the two structures within a renal corpuscle

glomerulus and bowman capsule

What is the purpose of the glomerulus

transports waste products for filtration

What is the purpose of renal tubules

end of urine formation and transportation of urine to renal pelvis

What are the four organs of the urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

What is the main function of the kidneys

remove toxic products from blood by forming urine

What is the nephron

microscopic functional unit of the kidney that carries out the processes that form urine

What structures make up the renal corpuscle

glomerulus and bowman capsule

What are the functions of the glomerulus and bowman capsule

the glomerulus brings blood to the nephron for filtration; the Bowman capsule begins the urine-formation process

CF for kidney

nephr/o, ren/o

CF for renal pelvis

pyel/o

CF for ureter

ureter/o

CF for bladder

cyst/o, vesic/o

CF for urethra

urethr/o

CF for meatus, opening

meat/o

CF for glomerulus

glomerul/o

CF for ketone bodies (acids and acetones)

keton/o

CF for pus

py/o

CF for scanty

olig/o

CF for potassium

Kal/i

CF for nitrogenous products

azot/o

instrument used to examine the bladder

cyst/o/scope

inflammation of the renal pelvis

pyel/itis

expansion of the ureter

ureter/ectasis

stricture of the urethra

urethr/o/stenosis

incision of the meatus

meat/o/tomy

crushing of a stone

lith/o/tripsy

inflammation of the glomerulus and kidney

glomerul/o/nephr/itis

fixation of a kidney

nephr/o/pexy

resembling albumin

albumin/oid

excessive urination

poly/uria

scanty urine

olig/uria

stone in the urinary tract

ur/o/lith

Herniation or swelling of the kidney

nephr/o/cele

process of recording the ureter

ureter/o/graphy

record of the urinary tract

ur/o/gram

disease of the glomerulus

glomerul/o/pathy

disease of the renal pelvis

pyel/o/pathy

tumor of the kidney

nephr/oma

urine with blood

hemat/uria

urine with pus

py/uria

What is the fourth most common cancer in men int he US?

bladder cancer

What is the most common type of bladder cancer

urothelial carcinoma

What are the biggest risk factors for bladder cancer

smoking and tobacco use

What diagnostic tests are used to diagnose bladder cancer

cystoscopy with biopsy of suspicious lesions and urine cytology in which malignant cells appear in a small urine sample

What is cystocele

prolapse or downward displacement of the bladder commonly caused by weakening of supporting muscular tissues

What is the treatment of cystocele

placement of mesh patch to strengthen pelvic muscles, pessary (removeable device designed to support weakened pelvic muscles), pelvic muscle exercises

What are the signs and symptoms of cystocele

vaginal bugle, urinary incontinence, feeling of pelvic fullness or heaviness, difficulty in starting urination, feeling of incomplete urination

What is end stage renal disease

inability of kidneys to effectively function to meet the need for daily activities

In end stage renal disease at what % do the kidneys function?

10% or less than that of a normal kidney

What are some signs and symptoms of end stage renal disease

oliguria, anuria, anorexia, bone pain, pruritus, confusion and difficulty concentrating

What is the treatment for end stage renal disease

dialysis, renal transplantation, and drug or dietary regimines

What is urothiasis

presence of stones in any part of the urinary tract

What are some signs and symptoms of urolithiasis

possibly asymptomatic for long periods, intense pain and urinary urgency, dull and constant pain, nausea, vomiting, chills and fever, and abdominal distention

What is the treatment for urolithiasis

passage of small calculi without treatment, surgical excision for larger calculi, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in which sound waves break up calculi

What is ESWL

physician views the digital screen to determine the kidney stone location and then adjusts the position of the lithotripter

What is the treatment for urolithiasis

prevention of new calculus formation and enhanced elimination of calculi with increased fluid intake, analgesics for relief of intense pain

What is hydronephrosis

distention of the renal pelvis and calyces caused by urine reflux

What are the causes of hydronephrosis

obstructions, including scarring, tumors, stones, or congenital anomalies of the ureters

What are some signs and symptoms of hydronephrosis

UTI, intense back and abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, oliguria, anuria, hematuria

What is the treatment for hydronephrosis

removal of obstruction, prevention of complications, and treatment of underlying disorders, catheterization for immediate relief of urinary pressure, analgesics if needed, antibiotics if infection occurs, surgery if needed to dilate of ureteral stricture

catheterization

introduction of a small tube into a hollow organ to introduce or remove fluid

electrolytes

substances that have the ability to carry electrical charges in the body and an imbalance of which may be fatal

enuresis

involuntary discharge of urine; also called incontinence

Filtrate

fluid that passes from the glomerulus into the bowman capsule to begin urine formation

fistula

abnormal passage from one hollow organ to another or the surface of the body

percutaneous

any procedure or medication that passes through the skin

What is catheterization

insertion of a slender tube into the bladder

What is a catheter used for

withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes or to introduce liquids

What is hemodialysis

diversion of the patients blood into a machine for filtering waste products when kidneys are unable to do so

What is peritoneal dialysis

dialysis using the patient’s peritoneum as the dialyzing membrane

What is renal transplantation

diseased kidneys replaced by a donor kidney, donor kidney typically placed beneath the patient’s diseased kidneys, patient’s kidneys not removed unless there is concern of infection

What is bladder ultrasound

use of sound waves to estimate the amount of urine in the bladder

What is ureteral stent placement

insertion of a thin, narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the bladder, requires constant monitoring because it may lead to infections, blockages, or stone formation

What is percutaneous nephrostomy

opening created between the skin and kidney to drain urine from the kidney to an outside receptacle

What is a cystoscopy

insertion of a cystoscope through the urethra and into the urinary bladder

What is a cystoscope used for

examining the bladder, obtaining biopsies of tumors or other growths, removing polyps

What is blood urea nitrogen

measurement of the amount of urea, the major waste product in a blood sample; used to evaluate renal function; high values indicate impaired renal function

visual examination of the bladder

cystoscopy

process of recording the bladder and urethra

cystourethrography

surgical repair of the renal pelvis

pyeloplasty

instrument to examine the urethra

urethroscope

forming an opening in the kidney

nephrostomy

crushing of a stone

lithotripsy

What are antibiotics

kill bacteria or stop them from multiplying

What are antispasmodics

suppresses involuntary muscle spasms, especially in smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal or urinary tract

What are diuretics

medications that increase urine production to remove excess salt and water, commonly used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, kidney disease, and edema