A&P II Exam 2 Study Guide

The blood distributes this

Oxygen, nutrients, waste products, hormones

The blood regulates this

body temp, pH, fluid volume

The blood provides protection for this

prevention of blood loss and infection

The average volume of blood in the body of women

4-5 L

The average volume of blood in the body of males

5-6 L

Hematocrit

means “Blood Fraction” and is a percentage of the blood component relative to total blood volume

Hemoglobin

protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs

Hematopoiesis

blood cell formation

Connective Tissue Specialized Blood

It is the fibrin threads that form during clotting that classify blood as connective tissue

Blood makes up this much of body weight

8% (1.5 gallons)

Blood has a pH between

7.25 and 7.45

You can suffer from a heat stroke if what happens?

If the body temperature rises to 106°F or higher within 10 to 15 minutes

Heat Stroke Symptoms

Throbbing headache, confusion, nausea, dizziness, body temperature above 103°F, hot, red, dry or damp skin, rapid and strong pulse, fainting, loss of consciousness

What can an untreated heatstroke damage?

your brain, heart, kidneys and muscles thus leading to death or permanent damage

Hematocrit Equation

(volume of composed element / volume of the orignal total of whole blood) x 100

Plasma makes up this much of the blood

55%

Formed elements

The non-plasmic portion that makes up the remainder of the blood

Protein makes up this much of blood plasma

9%

Albumin makes up this much of plasma proteins

60%

Globulins makes up this much of plasma proteins

36%

Gamma-globulins

antibodies released primarily by plasma cells during immune response

Alpha and Beta-globulins

transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins

Clotting proteins makes up this much of plasma proteins

4%

Albumin

exerts osmotic pressure to maintain water balance between blood and tissue

Clotting Proteins

fibrinogen and prothrombin which help in the formation of clots

Non-Protein Components of Plasma makes up this amount of the plasma volume

2%

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Erythro means “red” and cytes means “cell” (not a true cell)

This is the average hematocrit value for erythrocytes under normal conditions

45%

Nutrients of plasma contains

Glucose, simple carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, and triglycerides, cholesterol, and vitamin

Electrolytes of plasma contains

Cations: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium; Anions: Chloride, Phosphate, Sulfate, and Bicarbonate.

Electrolytes of plasma

Helps to maintain plasma osmotic pressure and normal blood pH

Respiratory gases of plasma contains

Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

An indicator of the rate of red blood cell formation

Reticulocytes

Reticulocytes represent this much of all erythrocytes

1-2%

Erythropoietin (EPO)

regulates formation of red blood cells

Buffy Coat

a layer between the plasma layer and the layer of erythrocytes

Buffy coat makes up this of the blood

less than 1%

Leukocytes (WBCs)

Leuko means “white” and cytes means “cell” which work to help the body’s defense and immune system (4,000 – 11,000 cells)

Granulocytes

Phagocytic cells which tend to be large and short lived cells

Basophils

the rarest of WBCs and contains histamine-filled granules which act as a vasodilator and an attractant for other WBCs (Binding to immunoglobin E causes the release of histamine)

Basophils represent this much of leukocytes

0.5 - 1%

Eosinophils

important for the body’s response to parasitic worms (they contain a two lobule nuclei and granules that stain deep red with an acid dye - eosin)

Eosinophils represent this much of leukocytes

2 - 4%

Neutrophils

the most numerous for WBCs and re responsible for attacking bacteria and some fungi (stain a pale lilac with a 3 to 6 lobule nuclei and very fine granules that contain defensins and hydrolytic enzymes - lysosomes)

Neutrophils represent this much of leukocytes

50 - 70%

Agranulocytes

WBCs which lack visible cytoplasmic granules (They contain spherical or kidney shaped nuclei)

Lymphocytes

WBC that plays a crucial role in immunity (they contain a large nuclei which takes up the majority of space within the cell and are classified by their size)

Lymphocytes make up this much of WBCs

25%

T-lymphocytes

acts directly against virus infected and tumor forming cells

B-Lymphocytes

gives rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies that are released in the blood

Monocytes

helps in the defense against viruses, bacterial parasites, and chronic infections (the body’s active phagocytic cells)

Monocytes makes up this of the WBCs

3 - 8%

Platelets

helps with blood clotting

Platelets are averaged around this much in the blood

250,000 – 500,000

Platelets stay in the blood for this many days

10 days

Thrombopoietin

Regulates platelet formation

neutrophil (image)

eosinophil (image)

basophil (image)

lymphocyte (image)

monocyte (image)

Hemostasis

the stoppage of bleeding

Coagulation

the process by which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel

Fibrinolysis

the process that breaks down clots when they are no longer needed

Plasmin

the enzyme that helps in the breakdown of clots

What is being pointed to by the pink term?

Platelets

What is being pointed to by the blue term?

Erythrocytes

What is being pointed to by the red term?

Monocyte

What is being pointed to by the orange term?

Neutrophils

What is being pointed to by the green term?

Lymphocyte

Hemorrhagic Anemias

low levels caused by blood loss

Acute Hemorrhagic Anemias

brief incident causing blood loss (ex: stabbing)

Chronic Hemorrhagic Anemias

slow continuous loss of blood over a long time (ex: bleeding ulcer)

Hemolytic Anemias

erythrocytes rupture or lyse prematurely

Aplastic Anemias

destruction or inhibition of red marrow by certain bacterial toxins, drugs, or ionizing radiation

Iron-deficiency Anemia

anemias caused by inadequate intake of iron-containing foods (microcytes are small pale erythrocytes that are produced as a result)

Athlete’s Anemia

occurs after vigorous athletic workouts where the blood volume may increase by as much as 15%

Pernicious Anemia

resultant from a deficiency in vitamin B12 (macrocytes are large pale erythrocytes that are produced as a result)

Thalassemias

One of the hemoglobin chains is absent or faulty resulting in thin delicate erythrocytes

Sickle cell anemia

a hereditary disorder that causes the abnormal formation of the beta hemoglobin to link together under low oxygen conditions causing the blood to take on a sickle like shape

Blood doping

the practice of removal of blood for later infusion to provide a temporary state of polycythemia to increase performance in aerobic sports

Leukemia

a malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissue that is characterized by high numbers of abnormal WBCs

High WBC (leukocytosis)

may indicate viral or bacterial infection, metabolic disease, hemorrhage, or poisoning

High RBC (polycythemia)

may indicate bone marrow cancer (polycythemia vera) or the need to have more oxygen carrying blood cells due to high altitudes or less available oxygen (Secondary polycythemia)

Low WBC (leukopenia)

may indicate typhoid fever, measles, infectious hepatitis or cirrhosis, tuberculosis, or excessive antibody or x-ray therapy

Infectious Mononucleosis

“ kissing disease” a highly contagious viral disease most often seen in children and young adults caused by the Epstein-Barr virus…associated with being tired, achy, chronic sore throat and a low-grade fever. (a.k.a Mono or Cooties)

Thrombus

A clot that forms in an unbroken blood vessel

Embolus

A thrombus that floats freely in the blood vessels

Embolism

When an embolus gets to a blood vessel too small to travel through

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

when an Rh-negative mother has an Rh-positive child and becomes exposed to the blood, the mother will make antibodies targeting the next Rh-positive child

Pathway of blood from the extremities to the Lungs

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava -> Rt. Atrium -> Tricuspid Valve -> Rt. Ventricle -> Pulmonary Semilunar Valve -> Pulmonary Trunk -> Rt. and Lft. Pulmonary Arteries -> Lungs

Endocardium

membrane layered inside the heart

Myocardium (heart muscle)

the layer in between the visceral pericardium and endocardium

Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium)

the innermost layer of the pericardium that directly covers the heart’s surface

Parietal Pericardium

the outer layer of the serous pericardium (lining the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium and forming part of the pericardial sac that protects and stabilizes the heart)

Serous Fluid

a thin, pale yellow or clear, watery liquid produced by serous membranes to lubricate internal organs and reduce friction (commonly found in pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities)

What is the light blue line pointing to?

Superior vena cava

What is the dark blue line pointing to?

Left lung

What is the light purple line pointing to?

Aorta

What is the dark purple line pointing to?

Parietal Pleura (cut)