Perceptual Motor Learning - KINE 216 - Quiz 1 & 2

Motor Skill

activity or task that require voluntary movement to achieve a goal

4 criteria of a motor skill

1. Goal-oriented movement

2. Movement must be voluntary

3. Body and/or limb movements are required to accomplish the goal

4. Must be learned/relearned

3 division of motor skills

Motor Behavior then 3 parts

1. motor control

2. motor learning

3. motor development

Motor Learning

acquisition of motor skills to enhance performance of a skill

Motor Control

neuromuscular system coordinates movement

Motor Development

motor behavior from infancy to old age with issues related to motor learning or control

- emphasis on growth and maturation

3 factors that influence motor skill learning and performance

1. environment

2. task

3. person

Learning

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

Performance

act of executing skill

Can you observe learning? Can you mess up a performance even if u have learned something?

- No

- Yes

3 things motor skills are classified on

1. precision of movement

2. nature of movement organization

3. predictably of the environment

2 movement precisions

1. fine motor skills

2. gross motor skills

Fine Motor Skills

precise movement sixth smaller musculature

Gross Motor Skills

less precision and multi limb movement

3 types of nature of movements

1. discrete skills

2. continuous skills

3. serial skills

Discrete Skills

start and end pts are clearly defined

- ex: shooting bball

Continuous Skills

start and end pts are arbitrary, repetitive in nature

- ex: running

Serial Skills

collective sequences of multiple discrete skills

- ex: dance and cheer

2 types of predictability of environment

1. open skills

2. closed skills

Closed Skills

stable and predictable environments, where the performer control the performance situation

- ex: bowling

Open Skills

unpredictable, dynamic, everchanging environments where the performer is not aware of what movement type will be required

- ex: driving a car

Closed Skill Practice: ___________ is the objective and technique __________ should be emphasized. The exception?

Consistency, refinement

- exception: closed skills with inter trial variability (ITV)

Open Skill Distinction: Learners must constantly ________ their movements to an ________ and unpredictable environment.

conform, unstable

Open Skill Distinction: Success is less dependent on ________ and more on selecting the appropriate ________ in the given situation

technique, response

Gentile proposed a motor skill taxonomy called? It has two major characteristics

- Multidimensional Classification System

1. The context in which skill is performed (regulatory conditions)

2. The action requirements of the skill

Regulatory Conditions

*Environmental Factors* that specify movement characteristics needed for successful performance

Are all conditions regulatory?

No, some are non regulatory

Ex of non regulatory and regulatory conditions:

Non Regulatory: people cheering, the score

Regulatory: height of dart board, distance to dart board, sharpness of dart

2 question of regulatory conditions

1. Are regulatory conditions stable? (stationary or in motion)

2. Do regulatory conditions remain fixed (No ITV) or change (ITV) with each trial?

Gentile's Taxonomy 2 parts

1. environmental context

2. action requirements

2 parts of environmental context

1. regulatory conditions (stationary or in motion)

2. inter trial variability (present or absent)

2 parts of action requirements

1. body orientation (body stability and transport)

2. manipulation (object present or not present)

2 questions for action requirements

1. Does the performer have to change locations when performing the skill?

2. Does the performer have to manipulate objects or opponents?

Gentile Taxonomy Table

Questions for applying the classification system

1. Are the regulatory conditions stationary orin motion?

2. Do the regulatory conditions remain fixed (no ITV), or do they change (ITV) with each performance attempt?

3. Is the performer required to change locations or maintain body position when performing the task?

4. Does the task require the performer to manipulate an object or opponent?

What is the key factor in the differences in motor abilities?

genetic traits

What was the initial hypothesis on genes and motor ability? The specificity hypothesis?

Initial - a single general motor ability

Specificity - abilities are independent of one another

Who built two categories that are considered to best identify underlying motor abilities that are predictive of high skill proficiency levels, and when? What are the two categories

- Fleischman (1962)

1. Perceptual Motor Abilities

2. Physical Proficiency Abilities

T/F: An individual can have abilities but not be skilled

True

T/F: An individual cannot be skilled without abilities

True

Task Analysis

determine the underlying abilities that are important for the successful performance of a specific skill

- provides a better understanding of a skill's requirements

T/F: Future success in skill can be predicted

False, it is hard to predict bc people develop and change over time

Perception

process by which meaning is attached to sensory info

Two approaches for explaining the nature of perception

1. information processing model

2. ecological approach

Information Processing Model

Afferent Neurons

sensory neurons - sensory input to integration

Efferent Neurons

motor neurons - integration to effector muscle

Affordances

the action possibilities of the environment and task in relation to the perceiver's own capabilities

Ecological Approach to Perception

views relationship b/t perception and action as circular

Reaction Time (RT)

tiem b/t stimulus presentation to movement initiation

RT Influenced by

1. number of response choices

2. levels of uncertainty

3. anticipation

4. fore period consistency

5. psychological refractory period

6. stimulus response compatibility

Response time

reaction time + movement time

Movement Time

time b/t movement initiation and movement completion

Hick's Law

The time it takes to make a decision increases as the number of choices increases

Simple RT

one stimulus and one response

Choice RT

multiple signals and so multiple response to choose from

Inc uncertainty lead to ________ or ________ responses

delayed or inaccurate

Event Anticipation

what event will occur

Temporal Anticipation

predicting when an event will occur

Precues

environmental clues, subtle changes, that aid anticipation

Deception of precues

false precue given

Disguise of precues

hid precues

If something is easier to anticipate then _______ RT

faster

Foreperiod - def, ex, and ideal time

interval of time b/t presentation of a signal and the stimulus

- warning signal/set cue to "go" signal

- Ex: "on your mark get set" time / throwing ball in air before tennis serve

- ideal time: 1-4 sec

Which is a faster RT: consistent or randomized fore period length

consistent

Psychological Refractory Period

The momentary delay in processing the second of two stimuli received in quick succession

- delay b/t response to fake and actual move

For fake to be believable it needs to be _____ and have ________

- be believable

- have right timing

Stimulus Response Compatibility

extent to which a stimulus and its required response are natural related

A low stimulus response compatibility = _______ RT

slower RT

Stroop Test

response interference from naming the ink color of a written color name

Decision Making vs. Movement Execution - def and application

it is important to differentiate b/t moving slowly and initiating movement slowly

- can help build specialized plan to improve client