Module 2 A&P Units 1-3

Blood is important for

transportation, regulation, and protection

Blood is made up of what

plasma

about 55% of the blood volume is

plasma

Within the water in our blood are solutes such as

ions, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases

examples of proteins in our plasma include

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and prothrombin

albumin

most numerous protein in plasma; thickens the blood, and is the most abundant

Globulins

antibodies that attach to antigens of foreign microbes (protecting us from infection agents)

Fibrinogen and prothrombin

important for forming a clot when a blood vessel is torn (important clotting factors, many are made in the liver, liver produces these two

Formed Elements

cells and many tiny fragments suspended in plasma; about 45 %of blood volume

RBC’s

largest percent of the formed elements. bioconcave disc

Anucleated

survive on about 4 months, lack organelles

RBC’s purpose

transport O2, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen

Erythropooiesis

formation of RBC’s in the bone marrow

Hypoxia-Hypoxemia

blood condition

Hematocrit

blood cell analysis

Anemia

inability to carry adequate amounts of o2 in the blood. This may be due to the deficiency of RBC’s or lack of hemoglobin

Symptoms of anemia

fatigue, light headedness, dizzy, shortness of breath, cold

Pernicious anemia

low RBC count due to lack of vitamin b12

Iron deficiency anemia

Iron is a component of hemoglobin that is necessary for carrying o2. Therefore, a lack of iron leads to tiredness since o2 cannot be transported to cells. O2 is needed to produce ATP

Sickle cell anemia

abnormal HB due to incorrect amino acid sequence.

Polycythemia

red bone marrow over produces RBC’s; blood may become too vicious and prevent proper flow

WBC

Defend the body against invading microorganisms; have a nucleus, lives for few days to several months, can leave blood vessels and crawl through surrounding tissues

Neutrophils and monocytes

phagocytize microbes; the first responder to the site of infections; increases with bacterial infection

eosinophil

phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, releases antihistamine to reduce inflammation, number will increase when exposed to allergen; important for parasitic infections (worms)

Basophils

responsible for the symptoms of an allergic reaction, secretes histamine which increases inflammation, also secretes heparin which prevents the formation of blood clots

Lymphocytes

B - produces antibodies (globulin proteins) that attach to antigens on foreign microbes. T - may directly attack foreign microbes (killer T-cells) or can act as a B

Antigen-Antibody response

an antigen binds to a receptor on a b-lymphocyte. the b-lymphocyte is now activated and will produce plasma cells (all clones)

Some activated B-lymphocytes remain as (…) that can respond quickly to another attack by that particular antigen

memory cells

What do antibodies do once they bind to an antigen

form a complex

Primary Response

the bodys first exposure to an antigen

secondary response

the bodys second exposure to that same antigen

vaccinations

contain weakened or dead cell fragments so that the body can produce an army of antibodies

Autoimmune disorders

antibodies are produced that attack the bodys own cels (graves, DM1, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, etc)

Leukopenia

abnormally low WBC count (aids)

Leukocytosis

abnormally high WBC count

Leukemia

dramatic increase of WBC count

how many platelets are produced in a day

2 billion

platelets are

small cell fragments that pinched off of a larger cell called megakaryocyte, no nucleus, 5-9 day lifespan, form a clot to plug a hole within a vessel wall to stop bleeding.

Hemostasis

blood/hemostat (clamps blood vessel)

vascular spasm

if damaged, it constricts to minimize blood loss during injury; platelets also release factors contributing to the spasm; acts to decrease blood flow and therefore decreases the volume of blood loss

hemophilia

cannot stop the bleeding

platelet plug formation

platelets stick to a tear in a vessel wall; once attached to endothelium, they release a variety of chemicals

once the platelets in the platelet plug formation attach to the endothelium they release what chemicals

thromboxane a2 and serotonin and ADP

coagulations

fibrin formation (clotting)

Extrinsic pathways

chemicals from the damaged tissue activate prothrombinase

Intrinsic pathways

platelets release substances that activate prothrombinase

Fibrin binds to () into clots

Thrombin

Thrombus

when a clot forms and stays in ONE location

Embolus

when a part of the thrombus breaks off and travels through circulation

Fibrinolytic System

dissolves clot once the damage is repaired

Plasminogen

an inactive enzyme present in the clot; produces T-PA

EDTA

binds calcium and interferes with the clot formation in the way

Heparin

during surgery/dialysis. prevents thrombin formation; basophils produce this

Coumadin

prevents the action of vitamin K. Takes longer to work but lasts longer

Asprin

interferes with the synthesis of thromboxane A2. Decreases the risk of heart attack and stroke

Type A

RBC’s have A antigen and anti b antibodies

Type B

RBC’s have B antigen and has anti a antibodies

Type AB

RBC’s have both A and B antigens. Blood without anti A antibodies and anti B antibodies

Type O

RBC’s have no antigens. Plasma contains both anti a and anti b antibodies

Rh+

RBC’s have an antigen called Rh factor on the cell membrane

Rh-

blood does not have the Rh factor on RBC membrane. the plasma does not contain Rh antibody unless one has been previously exposed to Rh-positive blood

Erythroblastosis fetalis

if mom carries another Rh⁺ baby, her anti Rh antibodies will attack the fetuses’ blood causing them to agglutinate.

Atria (2)

blood enters the ratio from veins; the two chambers on top, thin lining

Ventricles (2)

pumps blood into arteries; bottom 2 chambers, thick muscle tissue

Endocardium

intermost lining of the heart, this is continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels. Slippery and smooth unless trauma was caused

Myocardium

The wall of the heart, thickest layer also the cardiac muscle tissue, intercalated discs, middle layer

pericardium

outermost layer; fibrous pericardium, serous layer, epicardium

fibrous pericaridum

outermost part of the periotoneum, anchors heart to the diaphragm, dense irregular connective tissue

serous layer

parietal portion of the serous membrane which adheres to the fibrous pericardium

epicardium

visceral portion of the serous membrane (adheres to the organ itself) is what clings to the cardiac muscle itself

systole

contractions ; pumping action

diastole

relaxation ; filling phase

bicuspid valve

left atrial side mitral valve

tricuspid

right atrial side, prevents blood from flowing back into the atria during ventricular systole

pulmonary semilunar valve (SL valve)

right ventricle side pumping blood into the lungs

Aortic semilunar valve

left ventricle side, thick and muscular, ejects blood throughout the whole body, prevents back flow into ventricles after ventricular systole

“lub”

the closing of the AV valves upon the ventricular systole (contractions)

“Dub”

the closing of the SL valves upon ventricular diastole (relaxation)

Pulmonary circulation

refers to the blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood to the lungs to become oxygenated and also those vessels that return the oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

systemic circulation

refers to the blood vessels that supply blood to all other areas of the body with the exception of the myocardium

coronary circulation

refers to the vessels that supply the myocardium with nutrients and oxygen and those that remove the wastes.

Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

found in the wall of the right atrium, spontaneously depolarizes (permeable to sodium), establishes baseline for heart rate

intercalated discs

join cardiac muscle cells of the heart

why is Ca++ important

it binds to troponin which leads to actin/myosin interaction

What happens with tetany

the heart pumping actions stops