Anatomy and Physiology Chapters 1-5 Flashcards

A comprehensive vocabulary study set covering core terms, chemical foundations, cellular processes, genetics, and histology from Anatomy and Physiology Chapters 1 through 5.

Smallest Particles with unique chemical properties

Atoms

Two or more atoms make up a

Molecule

Molecules form larger complexes like mitochondria, lysosomes and centrioles called

Organelles

What is the smallest unit of life

Cell

Collection of cells performing a similar function

Tissues

Different tissue types working together

Organs

What consists of organs working together to carry out a similar function

Organ system

Largest division of hierarchical organizations

Organism

ovarian hormone involved in a positive feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

Estrogen

hormone released by the corpus luteum after ovulation and causes a negative feedback loop

Progesterone

Which feedback mechanism counteracts a change?

Negative feedback

Which feedback mechanism amplifies a change?

Positive feedback

Increasing osmolarity of the blood is detected by

Osmoreceptors

Which hormone helps the kidneys conserve water?

ADH

A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, or temperature between one point and another

Gradient

Blood flows through arteries because of

Pressure gradient

chemicals move from areas of high to low

Concentration gradient

Which gradient involves differences in charge?

Electrical gradient

Which gradient drives heat transfer?

Thermal gradient

What is examination by looking called?

Inspection

meeting a set of criteria including: organization, cellular composition,

metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution.

Life

What is examination by touch called?

Palpation

What is listening to body sounds called?

Auscultation

What is tapping the body to assess structures called?

Percussion

All living things exhibit

Organization

Made up of the simplest structures meeting the criteria of life,

Cellular composition

Ability to bring in nutrients, produce energy, build necessary components, and eliminate waste products.

Metabolism

All living things must also be able to interact with their respective environments and are thus said to display

Responsiveness

What maintains relatively stable internal conditions?

Homeostasis

What includes growth and differentiation?

Development

to make additional copies of themselves describes the necessary life characteristic

Reproduction

result of gene mutations and rate of success With the environment

Evolution

Which system contains the heart and vessels?

Cardiovascular

Which system contains the lungs and trachea?

Respiratory

Which system contains the kidneys and bladder?

Urinary

Which system contains the ovaries and uterus?

Reproductive

Which system contains skin and hair?

Integumentary

Which system contains bones and cartilage?

Skeletal

Simplest form of matter

Element

Positively charged subatomic particle

Proton

Which electrons determine bonding behavior?

Valence electrons

formed by equal sharing of a pair of electrons

Nonpolar covalent

type of bond involves the unequal sharing of electrons?

Polar covalent

chemical bond involves the attraction between charged atoms, cations and anions?

Ionic bond

Attractions between polarized molecules

Hydrogen bond

Attractions between adjacent atoms due to constantly fluctuating electron clouds

Van der Waals

The number of electrons in the valence shell determine what types of bonds an atom can form.

True

Amino acids link together end-to-end forming

Primary

The helix that forms in a protein chain as a result of hydrogen bonds

Secondary

Which protein structure is one chain's overall 3D shape?

Tertiary

More than one globular or fibrous protein subunit now interacts to produce

Quaternary

Intramolecular bonding of polypeptide chains produces numerous

Alpha helices and beta sheets

weak or fragile bones caused by a genetic defect in collagen production

Structure

high blood glucose levels caused by decreased sensitivity to the hormone insulin

Communication

paralyzes muscle due to binding of fast sodium channels

Membrane transport

genetic mutation in an enzyme that catabolizes the amino acid phenylalanine

Catalysis

antibodies bind to and attack the body's own proteins

Recognition

induced by genetic alteration in abnormal myosın production

Movement

defect in desmosomes causing skin that easily separates from deeper layers

Cell adhesion

What part of an enzyme binds its substrate?

Active site

Which building blocks of proteins contain amino and carboxyl groups

Amino acids

acids carried by the tRNA are eventually joined to one another by

Peptide bonds

binds to the active site of an enzyme?

Substrate

Which nucleic acid participates in protein synthesis

RNA

What happens to egg proteins when cooked?

Denaturation

What can cause protein denaturation?

Heat

How many covalent bonds can carbon form?

$$4$$

Which functional group is common in amino acids?

Amino

Which functional group is common in fatty acids?

Carboxyl

functional groups is abundant in fat?

Methyl

release substances from the cell via vesicles

Exocytosis

What process lets white blood cells engulf microbes?

Phagocytosis

What coated structures participate in receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Clathrin-coated pits

At the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine opens which channels

Cation Channels

Which direction do sodium ions diffuse through open channels?

Down gradient

Which pump moves three sodium ions out and two potassium ions in?

Sodium-potassium pump

source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump?

Breakdown of ATP

water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration

Osmosis

will pass through a cell membrane most easily?

Small non polar molecules

A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium

Shrinks

molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

Simple diffusion

What state has no net diffusion?

Equilibrium

Does simple diffusion require ATP?

No

What does facilitated diffusion use?

Transport proteins

Sodium diffuses down its

Electro chemical gradient

Which sugar uses facilitated diffusion transporters?

Glucose

DNA is a polymer of

Nucleotides

Which sugar is found in DNA?

Deoxyribose

Which group gives nucleotides their acidic property?

Phosphate

How are the two DNA strands oriented?

Antiparallel

Which ribosomal site initially holds initiator tRNA?

P site

What are three-base sequences on mRNA called?

Codons

Which RNA contains anticodons?

tRNA

Which molecule contains DNA base triplets?

DNA

What does facilitated diffusion require?

Transport proteins

structure of a nucleotide?

phosphate-sugar-base

Facilitated diffusion is used to transport

Sugar and amino acids

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus

What RNA is produced from protein-coding DNA?

mRNA

Where does translation occur?

Ribosomes