KIN211 - Exam 1

define micronutrients and macronutrients

micronutrient: nutrients the body doesn’t need as much of (vitamins, minerals)

macronutrients: nutrients the body needs in large amounts for energy and function (carbs, protein, fat)

essential vs nonessential nutrients

essential: must be supplied by the diet, body can’t synthesize enough on its own (ex: water)

nonessential: the body can make enough of these for normal health

which nutrients provide energy?

macronutrients (fats, carbohydrates, proteins)

fortified vs enriched

fortified: addition of nutrients to any food to boost nutritional value

enriched: replacement of nutrients that were removed from foods during processing

organic vs non-organic

organic foods: produced without the use of antibiotics, hormones, synthetic fertilizers/pesticides, or altered soil quality

non-organic: produced with industrial farming practices, permits synthetic chemicals/fertilizers, and genetic modification

what is an RDA?

Recommended Dietary Allowance: a standard for recommended daily intakes of several food groups

what are EARs?

Estimated Average Requirement: amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people maintaining weight. it looks at physical activity, height, weight, male/female, and life stage

what is a TUI?

Tolerable Upper-level Intake: highest average of a nutrient that is unlikely to harm most people. Toxicity increases when more than the TUI is regularly consumed

5 food groups and examples of what’s in them

fruits: apples, strawberries

vegetables: broccoli, carrots

grains: bread, pasta

dairy: milk, cheese

protein-rich: meat, nuts

what is a nutrient dense food, give examples

contains more key nutrients than calories per serving.

ex: fruits, vegetables, lean meats, whole grains

2 types of digestion:

mechanical: physical breakdown of food via chewing/biting

chemical: the breakdown of food via enzymes and stomach acid

prebiotic vs probiotic

prebiotic: promotes the growth (act as food) of probiotics (ex: different fibers found on fruits, most vegetables, some grains)

probiotic: live, beneficial microbes that promote health for their host

explain how food flows through the GI tract

digestion starts in the mouth, masticates food to create bolus, tongue gets it into the pharynx, travels down esophagus into stomach. Food mixes with gastric juice to form chyme, travels to small intestine: through duodenum, jejunum, ileum. what undigested material/water is left goes through colons, rectum, then anus

primary role of digestive system

breakdown food into nutrients

absorb said nutrients

eliminate solid waste products

digestion vs absorption

digestion: the process of breaking down large food molecules into nutrients that the body can use, mainly happens in the stomach

absorption: the process of nutrient uptake from the GI tract to transport through the circulatory/lymphatic systems, mainly happens in the small intestine

digestive system vs accessory organs

digestive system: GI tract (essentially one long, hollow, muscular tube). pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus

accessory organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas