MSU-SASE Comprehensive Reviewer - Vocabulary Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions across Language Proficiency, Abstract and Logical Reasoning, Science, and General Information from the MSU-SASE review notes.

Noun

A part of speech that names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Preposition

A part of speech that shows a relationship involving place, time, or direction.

Conjunction

A part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses.

Interjection

A part of speech that expresses sudden or strong emotion.

Antecedent

The noun to which a pronoun refers.

Dangling Modifier

A modifier that has no clear subject to describe in the sentence.

Parallel Structure

A grammatical principle requiring items in a list or series to follow the same grammatical pattern.

Subjunctive Mood

A verb mood used to express wishes, recommendations, demands, or hypothetical situations.

Active Voice

A sentence structure in which the grammatical subject performs the action of the verb.

Passive Voice

A sentence structure in which the grammatical subject receives the action of the verb.

Ambiguous

Unclear; having more than one possible meaning.

Anomaly

Something unusual or different from what is expected.

Counterproductive

Producing the opposite of the intended result.

Mitigate

To reduce the severity or harmful effects of something.

Candid

Honest, open, and straightforward.

Detrimental

Tending to cause damage or harm.

Feasible

Capable of being done or carried out easily and practically.

Inevitable

Certain to happen and impossible to prevent.

Resilient

Able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions.

Scrutinize

To examine or inspect something with great care and detail.

Tone

The attitude an author takes toward a subject or audience.

Mood

The atmosphere or emotional feeling created in the reader by a text.

Deductive Reasoning

A form of reasoning that starts with general rules and applies them to a specific situation.

Inductive Reasoning

A form of reasoning that uses specific observations to form a general conclusion.

Syllogism

A logical argument composed of premises and a conclusion.

Assumption

An unstated premise that must be accepted for an argument to hold true.

Post Hoc Fallacy

The error of assuming that because one event happened before another, it caused the second.

Fibonacci Sequence

A numerical pattern where each number is the sum of the two preceding numbers.

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of life; the building block of living organisms.

Cell Membrane

A selectively permeable boundary that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle that contains genetic material and directs cell activities.

Mitochondria

Organelles that produce most of the cell's usable energy through cellular respiration.

Ribosome

The cellular structure that serves as the site of protein synthesis.

Chloroplast

A plant cell organelle containing chlorophyll that serves as the site of photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis

The biological process converting light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen.

Cellular Respiration

The metabolic process that breaks down glucose to release usable cellular energy as ATP.

Allele

A different version of a gene.

Genotype

The underlying genetic makeup or specific allele combination of an organism.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an organism resulting from genes and environment.

Crossing-over

The exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes during meiosis that increases genetic variation.

Mitosis

A type of cell division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and tissue repair.

Meiosis

A specialized cell division that produces gametes with half the parent cell's chromosome number.

Innate Immunity

General immune defense present from birth.

Adaptive Immunity

Specific defense that develops after exposure to an antigen.

Antigen

A substance recognized by the immune system.

Antibody

A protein that specifically binds to an antigen.

Natural Selection

The mechanism whereby organisms with advantageous inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce more successfully.

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Niche

An organism's ecological role and way of using resources.

Carrying Capacity

The largest population an environment can sustainably support.

Pathogen

A disease-causing organism or agent.

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed when electrons are transferred, producing oppositely charged ions that attract.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons.

Metallic Bond

A chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between metal cations and delocalized valence electrons.

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed overall.

Activation Energy

The minimum energy needed for a reaction to proceed.

Acid

A chemical substance that donates hydrogen ions in aqueous solution and has a pH below 7.

Base

A chemical substance that accepts protons or yields hydroxide ions in aqueous solution and has a pH above 7.

Displacement

The straight-line change from a starting position to an ending position, including direction.

Velocity

The rate of change of displacement with respect to time, including both speed and direction.

Acceleration

The rate at which an object's velocity changes over time.

Transverse Wave

A wave in which particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.

Longitudinal Wave

A wave in which particles vibrate parallel to the direction of wave travel.

Conduction

The direct transfer of thermal energy between substances in physical contact.

Convection

The transfer of thermal energy through the circulating movement of liquids or gases.

Radiation

The emission and propagation of energy through space in the form of electromagnetic waves without requiring a medium.

Refraction

The change in direction of a wave as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.

Focus (Hypocenter)

The point inside Earth where an earthquake originates.

Epicenter

The point on Earth's surface directly above the earthquake focus.

Convergent Boundary

A tectonic boundary where two plates move toward each other and collide.

Divergent Boundary

A tectonic boundary where two plates move apart from each other.

Transform Boundary

A tectonic boundary where two plates slide horizontally past one another.

Eutrophication

A process where excess nutrients cause algal growth and oxygen depletion in water.

Biomagnification

The increasing concentration of certain substances at higher trophic levels.

Judicial Review

The power of courts to determine whether government acts comply with the Constitution.

Due Process

A constitutional guarantee ensuring fair legal proceedings before depriving a person of life, liberty, or property.

Writ of Habeas Corpus

A legal remedy that challenges unlawful detention.

Jus Sanguinis

The principle of nationality law that bases citizenship primarily on parents' citizenship (right of blood).

Suffrage

The right to vote.

Separation of Powers

The division of responsibilities into distinct executive, legislative, and judicial branches to prevent concentrated authority.

Commission on Elections (COMELEC)

The independent constitutional body that enforces and administers election laws in the Philippines.

Commission on Audit (COA)

The independent constitutional body tasked with examining and auditing government revenues and expenditures in the Philippines.

Civil Service Commission (CSC)

The central personnel agency responsible for government personnel and civil service in the Philippines.

Mount Apo

The highest mountain peak in the Philippines, located in Mindanao.

Cagayan River

The longest river in the Philippines, located in northern Luzon.

Republic Act No. 9003

The Philippine law known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.

Republic Act No. 10173

The Philippine law known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012, protecting personal data in information and communications systems.

ASEAN

A regional organization established in 1967 to promote political, economic, and social cooperation among Southeast Asian nations.

Scarcity

The condition of having limited resources relative to unlimited human wants and needs.

Opportunity Cost

The next best alternative given up when making a choice.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of final goods and services produced within a country during a given period.

Inflation

A sustained general increase in the prices of goods and services over time.

Misinformation

False or inaccurate information shared without necessarily intending to deceive.

Disinformation

False information deliberately created or shared to deceive.

Malinformation

Genuine information used to cause harm, often out of context or improperly revealed.

Bandwagon Technique

A propaganda method that persuades people to accept an idea because the majority is doing it.