Masters Comps

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

In which case did the supreme court rule that racially segregated public facilities were legal, so long as the facilities for Black and White people were equal?

Plessy v. Ferguson

Which court case established the separate but equal doctrine, permitting racial segregation in public facilities?

Notice of the allegations, an explanation of the evidence, and an opportunity to respond

In Goss v. Lopez, what must a school provide before imposing a short-term suspension?

Hobson v. Hansen

A district places students into rigid ability tracks using a single standardized aptitude test. Black and low-income students are disproportionately assigned to lower tracks. Which case addressed this?

Intelligence tests were administered in English to Spanish-speaking students

In Diana v. California Board of Education, what was the central assessment concern?

PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

A state allows schools to deny education to children with intellectual disabilities because they have not reached a specified mental age. Which case challenged this practice?

An IEP reasonably calculated to provide education benefit can satisfy the appropriate-education requirement

In Board of Education v. Rowley, which statement describes the standard presented in the PowerPoint?

Larry P. v. Riles

Five African American students challenged their EMR placement, arguing that racially biased IQ tests caused disproportionate special education identification. Which case was this?

The right to a hearing, appeal, access records, and receive written notice.

In Mills v. Board of Education, which set of procedural safeguards was emphasized?

Mills v. Board of Education

Which case expanded protections beyond children with intellectual disabilities to students with behavioral, emotional, and other disabilities?

Racially segregated public schools violated equal protection

In Brown v. Board of Education, what was the central constitutional principle?

Mattie T. v. Holladay

A Mississippi lawsuit challenges failures to identify, evaluate, and appropriately serve students with disabilities. It eventually leads to a consent decree and revised special education procedures. Which case is this?

The absence of prereferral supports and disproportionate minority placement in special education

In Marshall v. Georgia, which issue was highlighted?

Goss v. Lopez

A student is suspended for five days without receiving notice of the allegations or an opportunity to explain what happened. Which case is most directly relevant?

African American students placed in EMR classes following allegedly biased IQ testing

In Larry P. v. Riles, which student population was central to the litigation?

Diana v. California Board of Education

A Spanish-speaking child is classified as intellectually disabled after taking an English-language IQ test. When reassessed in Spanish, the child's score increases substantially. Which case does this resemble?

Children with intellectual disabilities can benefit from free public education

In PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, which belief was central to the case?

Mattie T. v. Holladay

Which case is associated with the 2003 modified consent decree addressing overidentification and general education placement in Mississippi?

Students had little opportunity to change tracks, and lower tracks offered inferior educational opportunities

In Hobson v. Hansen, what made the tracking system particularly problematic?

Board of Education v. Rowley

A district argues that it has satisfied its obligation by offering a student with a disability an appropriate educational program, even though a more expensive program might produce better results. Which case is associated with this distinction?

To reduce inappropriate identification and support students before special education placement

In Mattie T. v. Holladay, what was one purpose of implementing RTI?

PARC and Mills

Which two cases helped establish educational rights for children with disabilities and laid groundwork for federal special education protections?

A. Plessy and Brown

B. Goss and Rowley

C. PARC and Mills

D. Diana and Larry P.

Separate facilities were considered permissible if they were equal

In Plessy v. Ferguson, what condition was used to justify legally segregated public facilities?

Marshall v. Georgia

Which case specifically addressed the need for individualized support before students were routed into special education in Georgia?

Separate but equal

In Brown v. Board of Education, which earlier doctrine was rejected as applied to public schools?

School Psychologists

Directly address the development of children in school; focus on advancing the primary mission of schools to promote the cognitive and social development of students.

Pediatric School Psychologists

Subset of child-serving psychologists focusing on promoting child development within various systems, with a particular emphasis on the school environment.

Resilience and risk factors

Factors that contribute to the ability to bounce back from adversity or the likelihood of negative outcomes.

Consultation and collaboration

Working with others to provide guidance and support in educational settings.

Crisis preparedness, response, and recovery

Planning for and addressing emergencies or critical incidents in schools.

Family-school-community collaboration

Working together with families, schools, and communities to support student success.

Diversity in development and learning

Recognizing and addressing differences in how individuals develop and learn.

Research and program evaluation

Engaging in systematic inquiry and assessing the effectiveness of programs.

Lightner Witmer

Considered by many as the father of clinical and school psychology.

National Association of School Psychologists, founded in 1969.

NASP

Nationally Certified School Psychologist, a credential offered by NASP.

NCSP

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, federal legislation ensuring accessibility of public education for students with disabilities.

IDEA

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, reauthorized IDEA with significant changes.

IDEIA

Individualized Education Program, a personalized plan for students with disabilities.

IEP

Individualized Family Service Plan, a plan for infants and toddlers with disabilities.

IFSP

Developmental Delay

Eligibility category under IDEA for children aged 3-9 showing delays in development.

Cognitive, Physical, Communication, Social-Emotional, Adaptive.

The Big Five areas of development assessed for infants and toddlers under Part C of IDEA:

14 calendar days

Timeframe to decide on completing an evaluation after a child has been referred.

60 days

Timeframe to complete an assessment once parental consent is obtained.

30 days

Timeframe within which an IEP must be implemented following eligibility.

Section 504

Provides accommodations for individuals not eligible for special education. Prohibits discrimination on basis of disability.

OSEP

Office overseeing federal funding and activities of special education

504 Plan

Accommodations for students not eligible for special education

Due Process Clause

Ensures fair treatment under the law

Separate but Equal Doctrine

Legalized racial segregation under the premise of equality

Desegregation

Eliminating racial segregation in schools

Discrimination

Treating individuals unfairly based on characteristics

Racial Segregation

Separation of individuals based on race

Jim Crow Laws

Laws enforcing racial segregation in the United States

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

Includes Section 504 for individuals with disabilities

Discriminatory Practices

Unfair actions based on prejudice or bias

Equal Protection

Ensuring all individuals receive the same rights and treatment

Civil Rights Activist

Advocate for equal rights and fair treatment of all individuals

Standardized Aptitude Test

Test assessing cognitive abilities in a standardized manner

Intellectual Disability

Significantly below-average intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior

Consent Agreement

Mutual agreement between parties approved by the court

Developmental Disabilities

Impairments in physical, learning, language, or behavior areas

Behavioral Disabilities

Conditions affecting behavior and emotional regulation

Mills decision

Resulted in free public education mandate for school districts

Procedural safeguards

Include right to hearing, appeal, access records, and notice of changes

Change in placement

Occurs when a student is removed for more than 10 days

Manifestation determination

Meeting to assess if behavior is related to a child's disability

Functional behavioral assessment (FBA)

Examines triggers and functions of a child's behavior

Interim Alternative Educational Setting (IAES)

Temporary placement for specific severe disciplinary cases

Due process hearing

Legal proceeding to determine placement for a child

IAES

Alternative educational setting to meet child's needs and IEP goals

Stay Put

Child remains in current educational placement during disputes

FERPA

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act protecting student records

Confidentiality Limits

Exceptions include harm to self, others, or court orders

Need to Know Principle

Releasing confidential info only to those with professional need

Ethical Decision Making

Referring to professional ethics principles for guidance

NASP Ethical Principles

Guidelines include respect, responsible caring, honesty, and responsibility

Professional Services Declaration

Sharing expertise, limitations, conduct code, and confidentiality

Sunland Miami Scandal

1972 abuse investigation leading to improved ABA practices

RTI

Response to Intervention framework for support in education

NCLB

No Child Left Behind Act focusing on accountability and assistance for low-income students

Every Student Succeeds Act

2017 version of NCLB providing grants for education programs

Do schools receive money for students in SPED?

Yes

Evidence Based Assessment

The use of research and theory to inform the selection of

assessment targets, the methods and measures to be

used, and the manner in which the assessment process

unfolds and is, itself evaluated

Steps in the Evaluation Process

1. Referral 2. Record Review 3. Interviews 4. Observations 5. Administer Test Battery 6. Interpret Results 7. Generate Recommendations 8. Write Report 9. Meet with Parents/School 10. Monitor and Follow-Up

IDEA Disability Categories

1. SLD 2. Autism 3. Deaf-Blindness 4. Deafness 5. Emotional Disturbance 6. Hearing Impairment 7. Intellectual Disability 8. Multiple Disabilities 9. Orthopedic Impairment 10. Other Health Impairment 11. Speech or Language Impairment 12. Traumatic Brain Injury 13. Visual Impairment

Two Kinds of Statistics

Descriptive and Inferential

Types of Measurement Scales

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

Nominal scale of measurement

Lowest of the four levels of measurement

Categories that are not more or less, but are different from one another in some way

Mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories

Named categories

Example: Gender

1 = Male

2 = Female

Ordinal scale of measurement

Order/ranking imposed on categories

Numbers must preserve order

1 = Tallest

2 = Second tallest

3 = Third tallest

Interval scale of measurement

This type of measurement uses interval scales, which have equal numerical distances between intervals. Zero means something, does not represent the total absence of something.

Ratio scale of measurement

Highest form of measurement and meets all of the rules of other forms of measurement; mutually exclusive categories, exhaustive categories, ordered ranks, equally spaced intervals, absolute zero, and a continuum of values

Percentiles

give an individual's relative position within

the norm group.

• Have unequal units along their scale.

• Presented in quartiles and deciles.

Normal Distribution Curve

the bell-shaped curve that results from plotting continuous variation data on a graph.

• 68.26% of the area falls within 1SD of the mean

• 95.44% of the area falls within 2SD of the mean

• 99.74% of the area falls within 3SD of the mean

Standard Scores

converted raw scores that indicate where a person's score lies in comparison to a referent group

Examples: Z-Score, T-Score, IQ score

T-Score

standard score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10

Z-Score

a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the norm (average or mean)

Age-Equivalent Score

Test score indicating the age level of students to whom a test taker performed most similarly.

Grade-Equivalent Score

Test score indicating the grade level of students to whom a test taker performed most similarly.

Developmental Perspective on Assessment

• Interplay between genetic disposition and environmental influences

follow a pattern or direction.

• Development proceeds toward specific goals.

• Rate and timing of development shows intra-individual differences.

• Biological, psychological, and social factors constantly interact to shape

and modify each child's development