PSYC 4008 Exam 3

Upham's trilogy of mind

"Mind is susceptible of the threefold division": Intellect (cognition), Sensibilities (emotion), Will (action) - "thinking, feeling, doing"

Functionalists

Dewey, Carr, Cattell, Thorndike, Woodworth

Applied Psych

Ebbinghaus, Binet, Stern, Goddard, Yerkes, Terman

IO Psych

Walter Dill Scott, Munsterburg

Gestalt Psych

Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler, Lewin

Kenneth and Maime Phipps Clark Doll study Brown v Board of Education

The Clark doll study conducted in the 1930s showed that black children preferred white dolls

In Brown v Board of Education (1954) the court ruled that segregation severely damages children's self esteem in "a way unlikely to ever be undone"

Separate is intrinsically unequal

Mary Whiton Calkins

Did research with James, Harvard would not give her Ph.D., first woman president of the APA

William James Pragmatic theory of truth

If it is useful it is true such as, directions to my house are true if you use them and they get you to my house

William James Characteristics of consciousness

it is continuous, it is in constant flux, it is private, it is useful

James-Lange theory of emotion

Bodily reaction comes first

James position on free will and Influence of French philosopher Renouvier

defined free will as: "The sustaining of thought because I choose to when I might have other thoughts"

William James criticized for his parapsychology

•James took possibility of consciousness after death seriously (though skeptical)

•Studied communication with the dead through séances, Investigating techniques and validity of "mediums"

Created a scandal in psychology - in a letter to Science James Cattell wrote that the "Society for Psychical Research is doing much injury to psychology...[and though] all acknowledge his [James'] leadership...we cannot follow him into quagmires

Hall founded

the APA

Hall's approach is called

genetic (evolutionary) psychology

Hall applied Haeckel's recapitulation theory - the idea that

development (ontogeny) mimics evolutionary history (phylogeny)

Hall

Early developmental psychology researcher, believed that development occurs throughout life (life span approach), recognized adolescence as stage of development

Hall and Freud

Hall was very interested in Freud's psychoanalytic theory, new, particularly in America, at the time

Overlap between Freud and Hall

•Child development

•Human sexuality

The Baldwin Effect

learning by imitation was an evolutionary adaptation

The variability hypothesis

the idea that men had a greater degree of variability in most traits, compared to women, and were therefore at a selective advantage in evolutionary terms

Titchener

Gives structuralism and functionalism their names, structuralism is analogous to anatomy, functionalism analogous to physiology, leader of structuralism in America

Titchener's clash with American psychology because

Titchener was a structuralist, America was interested in functionalism, Joined and quit APA 3 times, founded the experimentalists, believed only laboratory research was scientific, not interested in applied psychology, individual differences, animals, psychopathology

Titchener elements of mind

sensations and feelings

Titchener's laboratory manuals used in American Drill courses. What were Drill courses?

Students took turns being subject and experimenter

Focused on setting up and using laboratory equipment and on replication of previous experiments

What was Titchener's introspective habit?

The thing which best defines Titchener. Titchener believed training subjects to introspect was analogous to calibrating a scientific instrument to make it more accurate and precise

Titchener's dispute with Baldwin over sensory v motor reaction time

Baldwin reports the difference only occurs in trained observers

Herbert Spence Social Darwinism

Believed that development of all aspects of the universe follows evolutionary principles (particles evolve into atoms, atoms into compounds, compounds into organisms, organisms into societies)

Dewey

Believed that psychology cannot be separated from philosophy, and it is better to acknowledge the philosophical assumptions than pretend they do not exit, analyzes reflex arch in functionalist terms, founds functional psychology

Dewey's reflex arch

Traditional interpretation breaks the reflex down into a series of independent stimulus response elements

•Seeing the flame (stimulus) causes reaching (response)

•Being burned (stimulus) causes withdrawal (response)

The withdrawal reflex is a coordinated whole system that serves adaptation to the environment (i.e., holism and functionalism)

Carr

functionalist, standardizes animal mazes, does "kerplunck" study

Cattell

functionalist, American pioneer in mental testing, follows Galton and uses sensory and reaction time measures, applies new correlational statistics to analyzes tests, they don't correlate with anything useful, approach fails, abandoned effort to develop mental test

Thorndike

functionalist, transitional figure between functionalism and behaviorism, experimental laboratory study of animal learning (cats in puzzle boxes), trial and error learning, law of effect

Woodworth

functionalist, definition of "experiment", independent vs dependent variables, transfer learning, dynamic psychology (is concerned with what motivates behavior) and S-O-R formulation

Ebbinghaus

develops sentence completion test

What tarnished Binet's early career

Reported that hysterical symptoms could move from one side of body to another by reversal of polarity of magnet

Skeptics of Charcot argued that such effects are the result of "suggestion"

What job was Binet given in France

France institutes compulsory universal education making it necessary to identify subnormal children who can benefit from special education

Binet develops

1st successful intelligence test

Binet invents age norming, which is

determining the age at which a normal child could pass test items

Binet defines subnormality for purposes of

special education as mental level 2 years below chronological age

Stern develops

mental quotient (mental age divided by chronological age)

Terman "invents"

IQ (intelligence quotient) mental quotient times 100

Goddard translates

Binet-Simon test into English and uses it to classify feeble-mindedness by IQ

Does "Kallikak" study to show feeblemindedness is inherited?

Kallikak is contraction of two Greek terms, one meaning "good", the other meaning bad; traces linage of feeble-minded woman (Deborah Kallikak) to Martin Kallikak, a normal revolutionary war hero; descendants' from Martin to Deborah are feebleminded, descendants from Martin and wife are normal.

Goddard was a

eugenicist. Warned that inherited feeble-mindedness was causing race deterioration, particularly concerned about "morons" because they appear normal and are sexually promiscuous.

Goddard begins IQ testing at Ellis Island, finds

immigrants from southern and eastern European countries have high prevalence of feeblemindedness, this along with Yerkes' work (below) results in immigration quotas in the federal "National Origins Act" in 1924

Yerkes

President of APA when WWI begins; institutes mental testing of recruits. Innovations include group testing and separate tests for literate and illiterate (alpha and beta tests) recruits

Yerkes finds average American is

border-line feeble-minded, only 10% are smart enough to go to college, recruits descended from immigrants southern and eastern Europe have low IQ

Terman revises the

Binet-Simon test and standardizes it on Americans, creating the Stanford Binet Intelligence test

Terman uses IQ (mental age divided by chronological age times 100) as

an index of intelligence

Terman was an Advocate of

meritocracy

Terman does longest longitudinal study on gifted (high IQ) children. Shows that

early IQ is stable over time, predicts success, and people with high IQ are happy and well-adjusted

IQ controversy

Beliefs of the intelligence test developers - IQ is inherited, IQ is a general (unitary) ability, environment has little to do with it. These ideas and meritocracy challenged by journalist Walter Lippman.

Lippman arguments about IQ

1. The conclusion that the average American is feeble-minded is wrong because it is based on the wrong comparison group (white middle and upper class from California)

2. IQ is more influenced by environment than genetics

3. low IQ results from limited opportunity

4. A meritocracy based on IQ would give inordinate power to tester, it would be self-fulfilling prophecy that would create an intellectual caste system, it would be a threat to democracy

Walter Dill Scott

IO, applies psychology to advertising, uses primacy and recency effect to determine most effective ad placement in magazines

Munsterberg

criticizes eye-witness testimony; develops simulation and analytic techniques to select employees

Gestalt psych core precept

holism

Precursors to gestalt psychology

1) Mach describes gestalt qualities of space forms and time forms; 2) Ehrenfels coins term gestalt quality

Wertheimer

founder of gestalt psychology; discovers phi (objectless) motion

Koffka

behavioral vs geographic environment; behavioral environment is environment as it is perceived; geographic environment is environment as it really is; Gestalt psychologists believed that behavioral environment is most important

Kohler

relational learning in chickens; insight learning in monkeys; criticized Thorndike's trial and error learning for using a restricted field. Understanding relationships important to problem solving require perception of entire "field"

Lewin theories

Field theory and need based theory of motivation

Life space

everything relevant to behavior at point in time, includes person variables (e.g., motivation) and behavioral environment

Principle of contemporary

life space in constant flux, only facts occurring at a particular point in time are relevant to behavior

Developmental psychology

uses term differentiation for cognitive development

Lewin's study of leadership styles

Gestalt psychologists idea of infant mind

At first it is buzzing with confusion, later differentiation happens, infant mind becomes complex

How does Lewin describe

describe the differences between authoritarian, laissez faire, and democratic

Lewin definition of frustration

hindering of motivation based behavior

Why does laissez faire work poorly?

it promotes progress at the price of profound inequity

The von Restorff effect

tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli

Psychology evolves differently in America than in Germany or England

•Psychology in Great Britian evolves more slowly due to relative lack of support from universities; ironic, because evolutionary theory arises in Great Britian

•German psychology was more connected to philosophy, and it focused on laboratory esoterica

•America was more interested in application

Meritocracy

social structure in which individual wealth, power, and status are determined by merit rather than by privilege

America's love/hate relationship with Darwinism

•The hate: due to theological implications

•The love: Darwinism can be used to justify America's economic and social system

Pre-Jamesian American psychology is strongly influenced by

Scottish Realism founded by presbyterian minister and philosopher Thomas Reid

Reid's Faculties

Active Powers (powers of will) and Intellectual Powers (powers of understanding)

William James considered

the 1st American Psychologist; ranked 2nd most important psychologist ever; however, wasn't a scientist

James advocated three methods in psychology

Introspection "...is what we have to rely on first and foremost and always"; advocated a broader concept of introspection than Wundt

Experiment - recognized the importance of experimental method, though he disliked it

Comparative - believed that important insights into human consciousness could be acquired through the study of "...the reasoning faculties of bees and ants, the minds of savages, infants, madmen, idiots, the deaf and blind, criminals, and eccentrics

James' definitions of truth

Truth is a property of an idea, statement or belief, etc.

Natural truth is about what is; moral truth is about what ought to be

Wertheimer principles of perceptual organization