Education, Upbringing, and Socialization in Heterogeneous Societies - Lecture Session 3

These vocabulary flashcards cover moral development stages (Piaget/Kohlberg), personality and temperament models (Big Five, PEN, Humoralism), and the psychology of emotions and stress based on the lecture from Session 3.

Heteronomous Morality

A stage in Piaget's theory of moral development characterized by moral realism and obedience to external rules and authorities.

Autonomous Morality

The stage where individuals develop moral independence and understand that rules are agreements that can be negotiated and changed.

Heinz Dilemma

A moral dilemma used by Kohlberg involving a husband considering stealing a medicine costing $20,000\,Dollar$ to save his dying wife.

Preconventional Level

The level of moral development (Kohlberg) where behavior is guided by blind obedience to rules and instrumental-relativistic needs/exchange.

Conventional Level

The level of moral development (Kohlberg) where the individual focuses on interpersonal concordance (being 'nice') and maintaining law and order.

Postconventional Level

The highest level of moral development (Kohlberg) characterized by a social contract orientation and adherence to universal ethical principles.

Personality

Unique, temporally stable psychological characteristics of a person.

Temperament

Innate, involuntary emotional processes and stable personal dispositions, often considered the child's version of personality.

Trait

A temporally stable personal disposition or characteristic.

State

A situational or temporary psychological state or condition.

Sanguine

A historical temperament type associated with 'blood,' characterized by being cheerful, active, and social.

Melancholic

A historical temperament type associated with 'black bile,' characterized by being sad, brooding, and pessimistic.

Choleric

A historical temperament type associated with 'yellow bile,' characterized by being irascible, active, and easily excited.

Phlegmatic

A historical temperament type associated with 'phlegm,' characterized by being apathetic, calm, and slow.

PEN Model

Eysenck's three-factor personality model consisting of Psychoticism (P), Extraversion (E), and Neuroticism (N).

Lexical Approach

The 'Sedimentation Hypothesis' (Allport & Odbert) stating that important personality characteristics are encoded in language.

Big Five (OCEAN)

A predominant personality paradigm consisting of Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

Neuroticism

A personality trait characterized by high emotional lability, anxiety, sadness, and insecurity.

Extraversion

A trait characterized by sociability, activity, talkativeness, optimism, and an orientation towards the external world.

Openness to Experience

A personality trait involving an appreciation for new experiences, curiosity, creativity, and independence of judgment.

Agreeableness

A personality trait characterized by being altruistic, compassionate, understanding, and cooperative.

Conscientiousness

A trait characterized by being orderly, reliable, hard-working, disciplined, and systematic.

Character (Cloninger Model)

Voluntary rational processes reflecting higher cognitive functions, goals, and values, assumed to be more changeable than temperament.

Maturity Principle (Maturitätsprinzip)

The concept that personality traits like conscientiousness and emotional stability generally increase and improve as an individual ages.

Rank-Order Stability (Differenzielle Rang-Ordnung-Stabilität)

The degree to which individuals maintain their relative position in a group regarding a specific trait over time.

Emotion

A complex system of physiological, cognitive, expressive, and volitional components triggered by events or memories.

Affect (Affekt)

An intense, spontaneous, and short-lived emotional reaction that may involve a loss of self-control.

Mood (Stimmung)

An emotional state characterized by lower intensity and longer duration compared to a specific emotion.

Primary Emotions (Basisemotionen)

Prototypical basic emotions such as fear, anger, surprise, sadness, joy, trust, and disgust.

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Schachter's theory that emotion results from the combination of physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation (Emotion = arousal + cognition).

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Lazarus's theory that emotions are caused by specific situational evaluations (primary and secondary appraisals).

Primacy of Affect (Zajonc)

The argument that affective judgments (preferences) can occur automatically and precede cognitive operations.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to accurately perceive, evaluate, and influence one's own and others' emotions.

Mentalization (Theory of Mind)

The ability to understand and differentiate the cognitive and emotional states of oneself and others.

Pruning

A synaptic restructuring process in the brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex during puberty, affecting emotional maturity.

Desomatization

Developmental processes where physical reaction patterns are replaced by conscious, empathetic, and verbally communicable behavior.

Stress

Physiological or psychological strain caused by external or internal stressors, including perceived expectations and fears.

Sensitizer

Individuals who react sensitively to performance requirements and threats, activating threat schemas and experiencing high anxiety.

Represser

Individuals who tend to withdraw attention from stress-inducing information and deny or postpone negative feelings.

Emotional Literacy

The ability to recognize, understand, and linguistically express emotions appropriately.

Turtle Technique (Schildkrötentechnik)

A social-emotional strategy for children to manage anger by stopping, pulling into their 'shell' to breathe, and thinking of solutions.

Lubo from Space (Lubo aus dem All)

A prevention program using a puppet to promote social-emotional skills in kindergarten and primary school children.