Geography chapter 1

what is geography ?

Geography is the scientific study of the Earth that describes and analyses spatial and temporal variations of physical, biological and human phenomena, and their interrelationships and dynamism over the surface of the Earth

what are scopes of geography(spheres) ?

Atmosphere,lithosphere,hydrosphere,Biosphere

what is atmosphere ?

The layer of gases surrounding Earth

what is lithosphere ?

The solid outer part of Earth including rocks, landforms, and the Earth's crust

what is hydrosphere ?

All the water on Earth, including oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, and ice

what is biosphere ?

All living organisms and the parts of Earth where life exists, including plants, animals, and humans

what are approaches of Geography ?

Human-physical continuum & topical-regional continuum

What is human geography?

Studies people and their activities, such as population, migration, culture, settlements, and trade

What is physical geography?

Studies natural features and processes, such as climate, rivers, mountains, soil, and vegetation

What topical(systematic) geography?

Studies one particular topic or category of phenomena across different places

Examples:

Studying rainfall patterns throughout Ethiopia.

Studying population distribution across Africa.

Studying migration across the world

What is regional geography?

Studies the characteristics and relationships of different phenomena within a particular region.

Examples:

Studying the climate, population, economy, culture, and landforms of the Afar Region.

Studying the physical and human characteristics of East Africa

What are themes of geography?

Location, place, Human-environment interaction, movement, region

What is location?

Location is defined as a particular place or position Of something

How many types of location are there ? What are they ?

Two…Absolute location and relative location

What is absolute location?

The exact position of a place, identified using latitude and longitude or a precise address

What is relative location?

The position of a place in relation to another place

What is place?

Place refers to the physical and human aspects of a location

What are three theme of place ?

Toponym, site, situation

What is Toponym ?

The name of a place. Example: Addis Ababa

What is site ?

the description of the features of the place

What is situation?

the environmental conditions of the place

What is human-environment interaction?

It’s just there interaction

Why is place important?

It helps geographers compare and contrast different places

What are the three aspects of human environment interaction?

Dependency, Adaptation, Modification

What is dependency in HEE

Humans depend on nature for survival and resources.

Example: Farmers depend on soil, water, and suitable weather

What is adaptation in HEE ?

Humans adjust their lifestyles or behaviour to environmental conditions.

Example: Pastoralists in dry regions move livestock in search of water and pasture

What is modification in HEE ?

Humans change the environment to meet their needs.

Example: Building irrigation canals to supply water to farms

What is movement?

the translocation of human beings, their goods, and their ideas from one end

of the planet to another

What is region?

region is a geographic area having distinctive characteristics that distinguishes itself from adjacent unit(s) of space

What are the types of region ?

Formal region and functional(nodal) region

What is formal region ?

that is characterized by homogeneity in terms of a certain phenomenon (soil, temperature, rainfall, or other cultural elements like language, religion, and economy)

What is functional(nodal) region ?

characterized by functional interrelationships in a spatial system defined by the linkages binding particular phenomena

which contry is the largest in the horn of africa ?

Ethiopia

which contry is the smallest in the horn of africa ?

Djibouti

What are the neighboring seas and regions for the horn ?

. Red sea - along the coastline of Eritrea

. Gulf of Eden - between the horn (Djibouti and somalia) & Arabian peninsula

. Indian Ocean - east and south east of somalia

. Arabian peninsula - across the gulf of Eden & Red Sea

. South Western Asia

What is the astronomical location of Ethiopia?

15*N bedeme and 3*N moyale latitude and 33*E akobo & 48*E moyale longitude

What is the difference between latitude and longitude?

Latitude measures how far north or south a place is from the Equator run horizontally around the Earth

Longitude measures how far east or west a place is from the Prime Meridian run from the North Pole to the South Pole

What things happened as a result of Ethiopia’s latitude and longitude position?

By latitude tropical climate

By longitude 1 hour difference

What is the relative location of Ethiopia?

….

What are the three implication of ethiopia location

1, climate

• tropical climate

• Relative to Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean african and Asian landmass

2, socio cultural

• early recipient of Christianity Islam Judaism

• Linguistic and cultural relationship

3, political

• geopolitical consideration of superpowers

• Adjacency to the red sea

• The Middle East geopolitical paradigm

Location of Ethiopia relation to water bodies and land masses

 In the Horn of Africa

 Southwest of the Arabian Peninsula

 South of Europe

 Northwest of the Indian Ocean

 In the Nile Basin

Total area of Ethiopia

1,106,000 square kilometers

Areal rank of Ethiopia in Africa

8th

Areal rank of Ethiopia in the world

25th

How long is East west extent of Ethiopia ?

1639 km

How long is north south extent of Ethiopia ?

1577 KM

Area covered by water of Ethiopia

0.7%

Arable land means

A land suitable for growing crops

Advantage and disadvantage of the size of Ethiopia

Shape of a country means

The outline or form of its territory on a map

What are the five shapes of a country

• compact

• Fragmented

• Elongated

• Perforated

• Protrude

Compact shape

A country that is roughly circular or square-shaped, all points have relatively equal distance from its center.

Example: Poland

Fragmented shape

country divided into separate, disconnected parts by water land or another country often islands.

Example: Indonesia.

Elongated shape

Long and narrow

Ex chile

Perforated shape

A country that completely surrounds another independent country.

Example: South Africa surrounds Lesotho

Protrude shape

Countries that have one portion that is much more elongated than the rest of the country

Eg:- Myanmar and Eritrea

What are the four compactness indices

• area - boundary ratio

  the result large = more compact

• Boundary - circumference ratio

  close to 1 = more compact

• Area - circumference ratio

  the result large = more compact

• Area - area ratio

  close to 1 = more compact

Map means

is a scaled, two-dimensional representation of part or all of the Earth's surface on a flat surface, such as paper

Map reading means

is the systematic process of identifying and understanding natural and human-made features shown on a map

The six Importances of map

1. Provide geographical information

Maps show the physical and human characteristics of an area, such as relief, drainage and settlements.

Relief = the shape and height of the land. Drainage = rivers and other watercourses.

2. Help with spatial analysis

Maps help us study where things are located and how they are distributed or related to one another.

3. Identify locations

Maps help us find places using grid references, coordinates and place names.

4. Support many disciplines

Maps are used in military science, aviation, tourism, agriculture, economics, geology, history and many other fields.

5. Store geographical data

Maps preserve information about places for future reference and use.

6. Measure geographical features

Maps help estimate distances, areas and other geographical measurements

The two divisions of map according to its purpose

• Topographical map

• Special purpose ( statistical) map

Topographical map means

A. Topographical maps

Show natural and human-made features of an area.

Examples: mountains, rivers, roads, buildings and elevation.

Remember: They show the features of a place

Special purpose (statistical) map

Show the distribution of a particular feature or type of data.

Examples: temperature, rainfall, population and vegetation.

Remember: They show the distribution of specific information

Marginal information means

means the details printed around or on a map that help us read and interpret it correctly

The six marginal informations

1. Title

Tells us what the map is about.

Example: Map of Ethiopia.

2. Key (Legend)

Explains the symbols and signs used on the map.

Example: A blue line represents a river.

3. Scale

Shows the relationship between map distance and actual ground distance.

Three forms:

• Representative fraction (RF)

• Statement or verbal scale

• Linear or graphic scale

4. North arrow

Shows the north direction, helping us identify north, south, east and west.

5. Margin

The border or frame marking the limits of the mapped area.

6. Date of compilation

Indicates when the map was prepared or compiled, helping users judge whether its information may be outdated

What are the three basic principles of map reading

1. Understanding map symbols

2. Knowledge of directions

3. Understanding grid references

Grid reference means

is a series of numbers used to identify the location of a feature on a map

Have you practiced the summaries?

🫢