Psyc 321- Environmental Psychology Exam 2

cognitive

temporal cognition

the further out you push a behavior, the more likely your actions and values align with each other

cognitive

_______ processes are mental systems for acquisition, transformation, and use of information

temporal

_______ cognition is the remembrance of the past, perception of the present, and hypotheses for the future

psychological distance

the concept of thinking idealistically/concrete about the future (likely to commit to a change), and to think more logically/uncommitted in the present

construal level theory

we form construals (a person’s perception / interpretation of attributes & behavior of the self or others) to think about topics that we don’t directly experience

construal

a person’s perception / interpretation of attributes & behavior of the self or others

temporal discounting

the tendency to value immediate outcomes more than delayed outcomes

disconnection from future self & psychological distance

two reasons why temporal discounting happens

primitivist

a type of green utopia in which supporters identify with limits to growth and encourages the conservation of resources (ex. small/communal lifestyles → voluntary reduction) (might tend towards de-growth & shrinking the over-large economy)

modern green

a type of green utopia in which use of technology for biophilic purposes is encouraged for sustainable development. (solves problems with new tech. instead of adopting old) (in favor of gov. policies that support environ-friendly tech.)

hazard

an activity, event, or situation with the capacity to do harm (to anyone or anything) (can be caused by living and nonliving things)

risk

the possibility that an activity, event, or situation will elicit a harmful outcome during a stated period of time

likelihood

when measuring a risk in Environ Psyc, the _______ of an event is the probability of a harm

severity

when measuring a risk in Environ Psyc, the _______ of an event is the measured degree of damage given unfavorable effects

dread

_______ risks are perceived as severe/catastrophic, typically uncontrollable and/or global

unknown

_______ risks are perceived as new/unfamiliar, typically not observable/measurable, physical in nature, with delayed effects

risks as feelings hypothesis

the idea that people rely on affect (emotions/feelings) to determine risk/opportunities (so their perceptions are most likely biased)

loss aversion

the tendency to prefer avoiding losses over aquiring gains

endowment effect

the tendency of people to place a higher value on items once they own them or once these have been associated with the self, because giving it away represents a loss

framing effects

different descriptions of identical problems alter decisions and feelings (ex. using ‘fee’ vs ‘tax’)

contingent valuation

preferences are revealed through actual choices, not desired choices (you think you want something but your actions don’t prove it)

willingness to pay

how much you’d pay to reduce/remove risk (which is viewed as a GAIN even after paying for it)

willingness to accept

the amount of money one’s willing to receive to tolerate/suffer a risk (viewed as a LOSS even while receiving money)

complexity and uncertainty

environmental risks are different than other kinds because they have greater _________

accumulated

environmental risks derived from __________ behaviors (and require changes from many people for adequate change)

availability heuristic

(a bias in risk perception;) people are more likely to overestimate the occurrence of an event the easier it is to bring to mind similar examples/events

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

(a bias in risk perception;) when making estimates, people often start from a reference point that’s relevent/prominent in the situation (the anchor) and then adjusts

unrealistic optimism

(a [cognitive] bias in risk perception;) the tendency to believe one’s more likely to experience positive events and are less likely to experience neg events than other people

morals and values

risk perception is driven by…

protected / sacred

people who hold ________ values are highly reluctant to make trade-offs regarding human or animal life, untouched nature, and human dignity

deontological

when evaluation focus is on the inherent rightness/wrongness of the action, judgement is based on ___________ principles (ex.: inherit right NOT wrong, no matter the cost)

consequentialist

_________ principles focus on maximizing benefits and minimizing harms (do as good as physically possible)

human caused

anthropogenic climate change is…

attributional ambiguity

when there’s multiple plausible alternative explanations making it dificult to know which explanation is the most valid

solution aversion

the tendency to discount problems because of a dislike of the solution, rather than based on an assessment of the problem itself

motivational

_________ processes are mental and initiate and sustain goal-directed behaviors (they provide the energy and direction)

motivational science

_____ is the study of what causes behaviors and why it varies in intensity within/between people

values

trans-situational desired goals (that vary in importance) that serve as guiding principles in life

personality

characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving over time and across situations

empathy

all of the Dark Triad personality traits include a lack of ______

machiavellianism

this Dark Triad personality trait includes manipulativeness, a callous effect, and strategic calculations

narcissism

this Dark Triad personality trait includes an inflated sense of entitlement, grandiosity, dominance, and superiority

psychopathy

this Dark Triad personality trait includes a deficit in affect and self-control (they’re callous and impuslive)

strategic, impulsive

it’s easier to discover a psychopath than a Machiavelli because psychopaths are _____ rather than ______

utilitarianism

one of Kellert’s (96) attitude/value regarding wildlife states a practical/material exploitation of nature

naturalistic

one of Kellert’s (96) attitude/value regarding wildlife states a direct experience and exploitation of nature

ecologistic

one of Kellert’s (96) attitude/value regarding wildlife states a scientific/systematic study of nature’s function/structure and relationships

aesthetic

one of Kellert’s (96) attitude/value regarding wildlife states an appreciation for the physical appeal/beauty of nature

symbolic

one of Kellert’s (96) attitude/value regarding wildlife states a use of nature for language & thought

humanistic

one of Kellert’s (96) attitude/value regarding wildlife states a strong emotional attachment & love for aspects of naturem

moralistic

one of Kellert’s (96) attitude/value regarding wildlife states a spiritual respect and ethical concern for nature

dominionistic

one of Kellert’s (96) attitude/value regarding wildlife states a sense of mastery or physical control over nature

negativistic

one of Kellert’s (96) attitude/value regarding wildlife states a fear, aversion, or alienation from nature

reliability

Kellert’s (96) study on the typology of attitudes/values regarding wildlife is popularly used yet lacks ________

behs - beh interventions - attitudes and norms - value orientations - values

Manfredo’s (et al.) cognitive hierarchy (individual beh is guided by a hierarchy of interrelated cognitions) is presented in what order? (from largest/broadest to smallest/most narrow)

domination

this wildlife value orientation believes that wildlife should be used and managed for human benefit (AKA prioritizes human wellbeing)

mutualism

this wildlife value orientation sees wildlife as a part of an extended family, deserving or care and rights the same as humans

more important

when values compete, the ______ values are accomplished / followed through

values

_______ serve as a guide for evaluating people, events, and behaviors

social value orientations

SVO theory stands for:

svo

this theory reflects to what extent one cares about their own & other people’s effects in a social dilemma situation

pro-self

in a ______ value orientation, one’s concern regards their own outcomes

pro-social

in a ______ value orientation, one’s concern regards the outcomes of other people / the community

biospheric

______ values show concern for the quality of wildlife/nature for it’s own sake

altruistic

______ values show concern for the welfare of humans

egoistic

______ values show concern for the costs & benefits affecting individual resources

hedonic

______ values show concern for improving feelings & reducing effort

environmental concern

a general attitude towards the environment as a whole (that reflects a personal evaluation)

environmental worldview

fundamental beliefs about the relationship between humans & the environment

myths of nature

perceptions of environmental risks and preferred management strategies to control those risks

nature capricious

a myth of nature in which there’s no particular view on nature, low environ concern, no obvious preferred management strategy

nature perverse/tolerant

a myth of nature in which nature’s seen as moderately vulnerable, average environ conern, and government regulation is preferred management strategy

nature benign

a myth of nature in which nature is seen as resilient and healthy, low environ concern, and free market technology is preferred management strategy

nature ephemeral

a myth of nature in which nature is seen as fragile & precarious, high environ concern, and behavior changes are preferred manage strategy

values , issues

environmental concerns & worldviews & myths are more specific than ______ because they focus on ______ rather than general overarching goals in life

less

environmental concerns & worldviews & myths are (more/less) predictive of behaviors than values

belonging, understanding, controlling, (self-)enhancing, trusting

in the BUCkET model, list the order of motives for pro-environmental behaviors

belonging

in the BUCkET model, which motive for pro-environ behs includes a need to maintain positive/stable relationships

understanding

in the BUCkET model, which motive for pro-environ behs includes a need to integrate new info & construct shared meaning

controlling

in the BUCkET model, which motive for pro-environ behs includes a need to feel competitive & effective (power)

enhancing

in the BUCkET model, which motive for pro-environ behs includes a need to be seen as socially worthy (to feel good & maintain a reputation)

trusting

in the BUCkET model, which motive for pro-environ behs includes a need to believe that others are benevolent or worthy of faith

needs

a motive of internal conditions that’re necessary for life, growth, & wellbeing

self-determination

the ______ theory states that psychological wellbeing depends on the satisfaction of 3 psychological needs