Criminal Justice: Institutional Corrections, Rehabilitation, Desistance & Deterrence

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering institutional corrections, theoretical frameworks (Goffman, Bentham, Merton), history of corrections and rehabilitation, desistance, and deterrence.

Erving Goffman defines a __________ as a place where many people live and work together, separated from wider society for a significant period under formal institutional control.

total institution

Under Goffman's concept of __________, people perform everyday activities together in large groups and are treated similarly on a shared schedule.

batch living

In Goffman's framework, __________ refers to the development of two separate social worlds within an institution (staff and residents/inmates) characterized by official interaction and antagonistic stereotypes.

binary management

The series of experiences in a total institution that humiliate, degrade, or weaken an individual's previous sense of identity is known as the __________.

mortification process

Jeremy Bentham's eighteenth-century prison design intended to encourage reformation through constant surveillance is called the __________.

Panopticon

The Panopticon design induces __________, wherein prisoners control their own behaviour because they believe they could be observed at any time.

self-regulation

In Robert K. Merton's Strain Theory (1938), __________ describes a condition of weakened or unclear social norms where people experience uncertainty about how to achieve socially valued goals.

anomie

According to Merton's five adaptations, an individual who accepts socially approved goals but rejects legitimate means to achieve them is utilizing __________.

innovation

Under Merton's adaptations, __________ occurs when an individual lowers or abandons major success goals while continuing to strictly follow accepted rules and procedures.

ritualism

Merton's adaptation of __________ involves rejecting both existing goals and legitimate means in order to attempt to establish a new social system with different goals and rules.

rebellion

Regarding secondary adjustments, __________ involves adapting or appearing to accept the institution, whereas conversion means genuinely accepting its values.

colonization

The Latin root habeo in the word rehabilitation means __________.

have or maintain

In 1764, Cesare Beccaria published __________, in which he condemned torture and capital punishment and advocated for rational, proportionate penalties.

On Crimes and Punishments

Calvinist prison reformer John Howard inspected prisons extensively and was associated with the passage of the __________ of 1779.

Penitentiary Act

Quaker reformer Elizabeth Fry, known as the "Angel of Prisons," advocated for improved conditions for incarcerated women, paid guards, and the __________.

separation of men and women in prisons

Quaker penal reformer Margery Fry, associated with the Howard League, advocated for prison education and __________.

compensation for victims of crime

Associated with the Pennsylvania Model, __________ opened in 1829 and became famous for its system of isolation and separate confinement.

Eastern State Penitentiary

Scottish naval officer Alexander Maconochie instituted the __________ in a Tasmanian convict colony, allowing incarcerated individuals to progress toward release through work and good conduct.

mark system

Zebulon Brockway applied the mark system, incentives, hard work, and Christian education as warden of __________ in New York.

Elmira Reformatory

In 1974, Robert Martinson published "What Works? Questions and Answers About Prison Reform," which reviewed __________ studies of offender rehabilitation covering 1945–1967.

231

Canadian psychologists Paul Gendreau and Robert Ross argued that successful rehabilitation requires __________, meaning programs must be properly designed, funded, staffed, and delivered.

therapeutic integrity

Anthony Bottoms raised concerns that rehabilitation can lead to the __________, treating crime as a problem inside the individual while ignoring broader structural causes like inequality.

individualization of crime

Charles Taylor (2009) defined __________ as the ability of a self-aware person to distinguish right from wrong, make moral decisions, set meaningful life goals, and maintain personal values.

moral agency

Unlike rehabilitation interventions designed to change behaviour, __________ is defined as the process through which a person stops criminal behaviour and maintains a non-offending life over time.

desistance

In his 1999 study on desistance, Shadd Maruna argued that lasting reform requires offenders to reconstruct their personal autobiographies and adopt a non-offending __________.

identity

Punishment intended specifically to discourage the individual who was punished from offending again is called __________ deterrence.

specific

In his 1651 work Leviathan, __________ argued that without a strong state to maintain order and restrain harmful behavior, human life would be insecure and violent.

Thomas Hobbes

In 2011, Victor Tadros raised an ethical concern that general deterrence risks treating the punished individual as a __________ to influence the wider public.

means

Introduced by Wilson and Kelling in 1982, __________ posits that visible signs of disorder signal an absence of social control, potentially inviting more severe crime.

Broken Windows Theory

A Swiss natural experiment by Killias, Aebi, and Ribeau (2000) found that offenders who received __________ were less likely to reoffend and less likely to feel angry or confused than those sentenced to short prison terms.

community service

In his 2013 review, Daniel Nagin concluded that increasing __________ and apprehension risk deters crime more effectively than increasing the severity of imprisonment.

police visibility