Transition metals

What’s a transition element

D-block elements that form at least one ion with a partially filled d sub shell

Which two d-block elements aren’t transition metals

Scandium and Zinc

What are some properties of transition metals

They form coloured compounds/are good at acting as catalysts/are very strong oxidising agents

What is an example of iron acting as a catalyst

Iron catalyses the Harber process

Whats an example of Vanadium oxide acting as a catalyst

In the contact process

Whats a complex ion

When one or more molecules/ions bond to a central mental ion

What’s a ligand

A species which donates a pair of electrons to a central metal ion to form a coordinate bond

What’s the coordination number

The number of coordinate bonds formed to the metal ion

Whats a monodentate ligand

A ligand which donates one pair of electrons to the central metal ion

Whats a bidentate ligand

A ligand which donates two pairs of electrons to the central metal ion

What are common monodentate ligand

Water/ammonia/chloride/cyanide/hydroxide

What are some bidentate ligands

En/oxalate ion

Whats the shape of a complex with a coordination number of 2

Linear

Whats the shape of a complex with a coordination number of 4

Tetrahedral

What are the exceptions for the coordination number of 4 and what shape do they form

Platinum and nickel form a square planar shape

Whats the shape of a complex with a coordination number of 6

Octahedral

Whats the bond angle of a tetrahedral molecule

109.5

What’s the bond angle of a square planar molecule

90

Whats the bond angle of an octahedral molecule

90

Whats stereoisomerism

Molecules which have the same structural formulae but a different arrangement of atoms in space

Which types of isomerism cab complex ions display

Optical and cis-trans

In which shape complexes can cis-trans isomerism occur

Square planar and octahedral

In which complex ions can optical isomerism occur

In octahedral complexes with two or more bidentate ligands

How does cis-platin work

It forms a platinum complex inside cells binding to DNA preventing DNA replication leading to apoptosis

What are some side effects of cis-platin

Kidney damage

What ligands are bonded to cis platin

2 Cl and 2 NH3

Whats ligand substitution

Where one ligand in a complex is replaced with another ligand

What precipitate is formed when Cu2+ reacts with ammonia

A blue precipitate of Cu(OH)2

What happens to the precipitate of Cu(OH)2 in excess ammonia

It dissolves to form a dark blue solution

What complex is formed when Cu2+ is reacted with conc HCl and what shape is it

CuCl4 2- , tetrahedral

What colour solution forms when Cu2+ is reacted with conc HCl

Yellow solution

Why does the shape of the complex ion change when Cu2+ is reacted with conc HCl

Because the chloride ligands are larger than water ligands and so fewer can fit around the central metal ion

What colour Precipitate forms when Cr3+ is reacted with ammonia

A grey-green precipitate

What happens to the Cr(OH)3 precipitate when excess ammonia is added and what is formed

It dissolves and the hexammonia complex is formed

What had the haem group in haemoglobin

Fe2+

Why does haemoglobin bond to oxygen

Because of the increase pressure in the capillaries

What happens to oxyhaemoglobin if CO is inhaled

The O2 is replaced by CO which binds more strongly

Is the binding of CO to haemoglobin reversible or irreversible

Irreversible

Whats the observations of Cu2+ with NaOH

A blue precipitate which us insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide

Whats the observation of Fe2+ with NaOH

A green precipitate which is insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide but turns brown on its surface as Iron (II) is oxidised to Iron (III)

Whats the observation of Fe3+ with NaOH

A pale yellow solution forms an orange-brown precipitate which is insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide

Whats the observation of Mn2+ with NaOH

A pale pink solution firms a light-brown precipitate which darkens on standing in air and is insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide

What’s the observation of Cr3+ with NaOH

A violet solution forms a grey-green precipitate which is soluble in excess sodium hydroxide forming a dark green solution