GEED 005 Purposive Communication Midterm Exam Reviewer

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering fundamental communication terms, models, intercultural principles, linguistic varieties, and message evaluation from the GEED 005 Midterm Reviewer.

Communication

The act of transferring information from one place to another through verbal, written, visual, and non-verbal means; a process of meaning-making through a channel or medium.

Communicare

The Latin root of communication, meaning "to share" or "to make ideas common."

Participants

The communicators in an exchange who act as both sender (speaker/encoder) and receiver (listener/decoder).

Context

The interrelated conditions of communication, encompassing five milieus: Physical, Social, Psychological, Cultural, and Historical.

Channel

The physical or virtual means of conveying or accessing a message, such as face-to-face, phone, virtual, or email.

Noise

Any distraction that interferes with the accurate transmission and reception of a message, categorized into external, internal, and semantic kinds.

Semantic Noise

A type of distraction caused when the receiver does not understand the meaning of words used in the message.

Feedback

The verbal or non-verbal response of the receiver that is essential to confirm understanding.

Ego Needs

Communication needs that function to support a person's self-image and self-worth.

Social Needs

Communication needs that include inclusion (belonging to a relationship), desire for control (having influence or power over others), and affection (caring for someone).

Linear Communication Model

A one-way communication model where messages flow solely from sender to receiver, such as in the models of Aristotle, Lasswell, Shannon-Weaver, and Berlo (S-M-C-R).

Interactional Model

A two-way communication model where feedback operates as a back-and-forth loop, exemplified by the Osgood-Schramm and Westley and MacLean models.

Transactional Model

A simultaneous two-way communication model where participants send and receive messages at the same time, such as Barnlund's model and Dance's helical model.

Concreteness

The principle of effective communication requiring messages to be backed up by facts, statistics, research data, and figures rather than abstract words.

Courtesy

The principle of effective communication that promotes goodwill through a polite approach and respectful manner of addressing individuals.

Consideration

The principle of effective communication that involves understanding the recipient's background, including profession, education, race, age, and interests.

Ethics

The branch of philosophy focusing on issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

Intrapersonal Communication

A level of communication that consists of self-talk or internal reflection.

Interpersonal Communication

A level of communication that involves one-on-one interaction between individuals.

Globalization

The worldwide movement toward economic, financial, trade, and communications integration resulting in the formation of the global village.

Global Village

Marshall McLuhan's concept describing the shrinking of the world into a village due to electronic technology and the rapid movement of information.

Cultural Diversity

The state of people from different cultures or nations respecting each other's differences through an understanding of cultural divergence.

Intercultural Communication

Understanding how individuals from diverse countries and cultural backgrounds behave, communicate, and perceive the world.

The Flight From Conversation

Sherry Turkle's article illustrating how modern society has sacrificed the skills of face-to-face conversation for shallow digital connection via text and social media.

Direct Style

A communication style that explicitly reveals the speaker's true intentions.

Indirect Style

A communication style that camouflages or embeds the speaker's true intentions.

Self-enhancing Style

A communication style that highlights and promotes positive aspects of oneself.

Self-effacing Style

A communication style that de-emphasizes or downplays aspects of oneself.

Elaborate Style

A communication style characterized by rich expressions, descriptive language, and ornamentation.

Understated Style

A communication style that makes extensive use of silence, brief pauses, and concise statements.

Individualism

A cultural dimension characterized by a loosely knit social framework where people care primarily for themselves and immediate family, prioritizing autonomy.

Collectivism

A cultural dimension characterized by tight social networks where members prioritize group harmony, sacrifice personal needs, and show absolute loyalty to their ingroup.

Universalism

The perspective typical of individualistic societies where people view themselves as unique and make no sharp distinction between ingroups and outgroups.

Particularism

The practice common in collectivist societies of treating ingroup members differently and with greater favor than strangers or outgroups.

Power Distance

Hofstede's cultural dimension measuring the degree to which a society accepts and expects unequal distribution of power and social inequality.

Uncertainty Avoidance

Hofstede's cultural dimension indicating the extent to which a society feels threatened by ambiguous, unstructured situations and relies on formal rules to prevent them.

Masculinity-Femininity

Hofstede's dimension contrasting "tough" values such as achievement, ambition, and material wealth with "tender" values such as caring for others and fluid gender roles.

Long-Term Orientation

A cultural dimension, also known as Confucian Dynamism, that prioritizes future-oriented values like persistence and thrift over immediate tradition fulfillment.

The Geography of Thought

Richard Nisbett's work examining how Western (analytic, logic-based, rule-focused) and Eastern (holistic, relationship-oriented, context-focused) cognitive styles diverge.

Language Variety (Lect)

Any distinct form of a language distinguished by geographical region, social group, or context of use, including dialects, sociolects, and registers.

Standard English

The widely accepted, grammatically standardized form of English used in education, government, formal communication, and mass media.

Dialect

A regional or social variety of a language marked by unique vocabulary, grammatical structures, and pronunciation.

Dialect Prejudice

A form of linguicism involving discriminatory attitudes or negative biases against individuals based on the dialect they speak.

Jargon

Specialized terminology used within a particular profession, discipline, or trade that is often difficult for non-specialists to understand.

Frozen Register

The most formal language register, static and unchanging, often recited verbatim in ceremonies, legal statutes, and religious rituals.

Formal Register

The language register utilized in official and professional environments, characterized by complete sentences, standard grammar, and absence of slang.

Consultative Register

A professional yet two-way communicative register that is more relaxed than formal discourse but maintains mutual respect (e.g., teacher-student dialogue).

Casual Register

An informal language register common in friendly conversation, characterized by colloquialisms, slang, and contractions.

Intimate Register

The most private language register, reserved for family, romantic partners, and close friends, marked by inside jokes and terms of endearment.

Regional Dialect

A distinct linguistic variety spoken by people inhabiting a specific geographical location.

Sociolect

A language variety specific to a particular socioeconomic class, subculture, or peer group.

Ethnolect

A linguistic variety associated with a specific ethnic group, such as African American Vernacular English (AAVE).

Idiolect

The unique, personal speech habits and linguistic pattern distinctive to a single individual.

Emblems

Non-verbal gestures that carry a direct, widely understood verbal translation (e.g., thumbs-up sign).

Illustrators

Non-verbal bodily movements that emphasize, underline, or accompany verbal messages.

Regulators

Non-verbal cues, such as head nods or hand motions, that coordinate and direct conversational turn-taking.

Affect Displays

Body movements or facial expressions that openly display emotional states, such as crossing arms when angry.

Political Correctness

Language choices structured to be inclusive and non-offensive toward diverse social, cultural, or marginalized groups.

Gender-Neutral Language

Language that avoids discrimination toward a specific sex or social gender by replacing sex-exclusive occupational titles and pronouns with inclusive terms.

Critical Thinking

The ability to formulate rational opinions supported by verifiable facts through message visualization, analysis, and logical assessment.

Rhetorically Sensitive Person

An individual capable of adapting their communication style to diverse social contexts and audience expectations (Hart and Burks, 1972).

Demographics

Audience analysis criteria that assess observable statistical traits such as age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, religion, and socioeconomic status.

Psychographics

Audience analysis criteria assessing psychological variables including motivations, attitudes, personal values, and core beliefs.

State-Owned Media

Media entities funded or operated directly by the government, requiring careful critical analysis to identify potential state propaganda.

Independent Media

Media platforms and reporting bodies that remain free from the control or financial influence of government agencies and major corporations.

Critical Reading

An active reading approach designed to uncover and assess ideas in a text using strategies like comprehension monitoring, metacognition, and summarization.