DNA RNA and Protien Synthesis

Full chemical name of DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Structural shape of a DNA molecule

A double helix composed of two strands

Two alternating components that form the outer backbone of DNA

Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups

Three chemical components that make up a single DNA nucleotide

A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Type of chemical bond connecting complementary base pairs in DNA

Hydrogen bonds

Complementary base pair partner for adenine in DNA

Thymine

Complementary base pair partner for cytosine in DNA

Guanine

Primary organelle responsible for protein synthesis

Ribosome

Cellular location where transcription occurs in eukaryotic cells

Nucleus

Process of copying genetic instructions from DNA into mRNA

Transcription

Process of reading mRNA instructions to assemble amino acids into a protein

Translation

Three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that specifies an amino acid

Codon

Molecule that bears an anticodon and delivers amino acids to the ribosome

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Dual functions of the AUG codon in protein synthesis

Acts as the start codon to begin translation and codes for the amino acid methionine

Mutation that alters a nucleotide base without changing the resulting amino acid

Silent mutation

Mutation in which a single base change substitutes one amino acid for another

Missense mutation

Mutation in which a base substitution changes an amino acid codon into a stop codon

Nonsense mutation

Type of mutation caused by adding one or more extra bases into DNA

Insertion mutation

Type of mutation caused by removing one or more bases from DNA

Deletion mutation

Type of mutation where one base is swapped for a different base

Substitution mutation

Primary biological reason why DNA replication occurs

To ensure that each new daughter cell receives an exact copy of the genetic material before cell division

Evolutionary conclusion drawn from the universal genetic code

It indicates that virtually all living organisms share a common ancestor